/***************************************************************************
 *                                  _   _ ____  _
 *  Project                     ___| | | |  _ \| |
 *                             / __| | | | |_) | |
 *                            | (__| |_| |  _ <| |___
 *                             \___|\___/|_| \_\_____|
 *
 * Copyright (C) Daniel Stenberg, <daniel@haxx.se>, et al.
 *
 * This software is licensed as described in the file COPYING, which
 * you should have received as part of this distribution. The terms
 * are also available at https://curl.se/docs/copyright.html.
 *
 * You may opt to use, copy, modify, merge, publish, distribute and/or sell
 * copies of the Software, and permit persons to whom the Software is
 * furnished to do so, under the terms of the COPYING file.
 *
 * This software is distributed on an "AS IS" basis, WITHOUT WARRANTY OF ANY
 * KIND, either express or implied.
 *
 * SPDX-License-Identifier: curl
 *
 ***************************************************************************/
/*
 * Source file for all OpenSSL-specific code for the TLS/SSL layer. No code
 * but vtls.c should ever call or use these functions.
 */
#include "../curl_setup.h"

#if defined(USE_QUICHE) || defined(USE_OPENSSL)

/* Wincrypt must be included before anything that could include OpenSSL. */
#ifdef USE_WIN32_CRYPTO
#include <wincrypt.h>
/* Undefine wincrypt conflicting symbols for BoringSSL. */
#undef X509_NAME
#undef X509_EXTENSIONS
#undef PKCS7_ISSUER_AND_SERIAL
#undef PKCS7_SIGNER_INFO
#undef OCSP_REQUEST
#undef OCSP_RESPONSE
#endif

#include "../urldata.h"
#include "../curl_trc.h"
#include "../formdata.h" /* for the boundary function */
#include "../url.h" /* for the ssl config check function */
#include "../curlx/inet_pton.h"
#include "openssl.h"
#include "../connect.h"
#include "../progress.h"
#include "vtls.h"
#include "vtls_int.h"
#include "vtls_scache.h"
#include "../vauth/vauth.h"
#include "keylog.h"
#include "hostcheck.h"
#include "../transfer.h"
#include "../multiif.h"
#include "../curlx/strerr.h"
#include "../curlx/strparse.h"
#include "../curlx/strcopy.h"
#include "../strdup.h"
#include "apple.h"

#include <openssl/rand.h>
#include <openssl/x509v3.h>
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DSA
#include <openssl/dsa.h>
#endif
#include <openssl/dh.h>
#include <openssl/err.h>
#include <openssl/conf.h>
#include <openssl/bn.h>
#include <openssl/rsa.h>
#include <openssl/bio.h>
#include <openssl/pkcs12.h>
#include <openssl/tls1.h>
#include <openssl/evp.h>

#if defined(HAVE_SSL_SET1_ECH_CONFIG_LIST) && !defined(HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE)
#include <openssl/ech.h>
#endif

#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_OCSP
#include <openssl/ocsp.h>
#endif

#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_ENGINE) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_UI_CONSOLE)
#define USE_OPENSSL_ENGINE
#include <openssl/engine.h>
#endif

#ifdef LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER
/* As of LibreSSL 2.0.0-4.0.0: OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER == 0x20000000L */
#  if LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x2090100fL /* 2019-04-13 */
#    error "LibreSSL 2.9.1 or later required"
#  endif
#elif !defined(HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE)
#  ifndef HAVE_OPENSSL3 /* 2021-09-07 */
#    error "OpenSSL 3.0.0 or later required"
#  endif
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_OPENSSL3) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_UI_CONSOLE)
#include <openssl/provider.h>
#include <openssl/store.h>
/* this is used in the following conditions to make them easier to read */
#define OPENSSL_HAS_PROVIDERS

static void ossl_provider_cleanup(struct Curl_easy *data);
#endif

/* AWS-LC fixed a bug with large buffers in v1.61.0 which also introduced
 * X509_V_ERR_EC_KEY_EXPLICIT_PARAMS. */
#if !defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) && !defined(OPENSSL_IS_BORINGSSL) && \
  (!defined(OPENSSL_IS_AWSLC) || defined(X509_V_ERR_EC_KEY_EXPLICIT_PARAMS))
#define HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_LEN 1
#endif

#if defined(USE_OPENSSL_ENGINE) || defined(OPENSSL_HAS_PROVIDERS)
#include <openssl/ui.h>
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_OPENSSL3
#define HAVE_EVP_PKEY_GET_PARAMS 1
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_EVP_PKEY_GET_PARAMS
#include <openssl/core_names.h>
#define DECLARE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(name) BIGNUM *name = NULL
#define FREE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(name) BN_clear_free(name)
#else
#define DECLARE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(name) const BIGNUM *name
#define FREE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(name)
#endif

/* Whether SSL_CTX_set_ciphersuites is available.
 * OpenSSL: supported since 1.1.1 (commit a53b5be6a05)
 * BoringSSL: no
 * LibreSSL: supported since 3.4.1 (released 2021-10-14)
 */
#if (!defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) || \
     (defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) && \
      LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x3040100fL)) && \
    !defined(OPENSSL_IS_BORINGSSL)
#  define HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_CIPHERSUITES
#  ifndef OPENSSL_IS_AWSLC
#    define HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_POST_HANDSHAKE_AUTH
#  endif
#endif

/* Whether SSL_CTX_set1_sigalgs_list is available
 * OpenSSL: supported since 1.0.2 (commit 0b362de5f575)
 * BoringSSL: supported since 0.20240913.0 (commit 826ce15)
 * LibreSSL: no
 */
#ifndef LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER
#define HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET1_SIGALGS
#endif

#ifdef LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER
#define OSSL_PACKAGE "LibreSSL"
#elif defined(OPENSSL_IS_BORINGSSL)
#define OSSL_PACKAGE "BoringSSL"
#elif defined(OPENSSL_IS_AWSLC)
#define OSSL_PACKAGE "AWS-LC"
#elif defined(USE_NGTCP2) && defined(USE_NGHTTP3) && \
  !defined(OPENSSL_QUIC_API2)
#define OSSL_PACKAGE "quictls"
#else
#define OSSL_PACKAGE "OpenSSL"
#endif

#ifdef HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE
typedef size_t numcert_t;
typedef uint32_t sslerr_t;
#else
typedef int numcert_t;
typedef unsigned long sslerr_t;
#endif
#define ossl_valsize_t numcert_t

static CURLcode ossl_certchain(struct Curl_easy *data, SSL *ssl);

static CURLcode push_certinfo(struct Curl_easy *data,
                              BIO *mem, const char *label, int num)
  WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

static CURLcode push_certinfo(struct Curl_easy *data,
                              BIO *mem, const char *label, int num)
{
  char *ptr;
  long len = BIO_get_mem_data(mem, &ptr);
  CURLcode result = Curl_ssl_push_certinfo_len(data, num, label, ptr, len);
  (void)BIO_reset(mem);
  return result;
}

static CURLcode pubkey_show(struct Curl_easy *data,
                            BIO *mem,
                            int num,
                            const char *type,
                            const char *name,
                            const BIGNUM *bn) WARN_UNUSED_RESULT;

static CURLcode pubkey_show(struct Curl_easy *data,
                            BIO *mem,
                            int num,
                            const char *type,
                            const char *name,
                            const BIGNUM *bn)
{
  char namebuf[32];

  curl_msnprintf(namebuf, sizeof(namebuf), "%s(%s)", type, name);

  if(bn)
    BN_print(mem, bn);
  return push_certinfo(data, mem, namebuf, num);
}

#define print_pubkey_BN(_type, _name, _num)           \
  pubkey_show(data, mem, _num, #_type, #_name, _name)

static int asn1_object_dump(const ASN1_OBJECT *a, char *buf, size_t len)
{
  int i = i2t_ASN1_OBJECT(buf, (int)len, a);
  return (i >= (int)len);  /* buffer too small */
}

static CURLcode X509V3_ext(struct Curl_easy *data,
                           int certnum,
                           const STACK_OF(X509_EXTENSION) *extsarg)
{
  int i;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
#ifdef LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER
  STACK_OF(X509_EXTENSION) *exts = CURL_UNCONST(extsarg);
#else
  const STACK_OF(X509_EXTENSION) *exts = extsarg;
#endif

  if((int)sk_X509_EXTENSION_num(exts) <= 0)
    /* no extensions, bail out */
    return result;

  for(i = 0; i < (int)sk_X509_EXTENSION_num(exts); i++) {
    ASN1_OBJECT *obj;
    X509_EXTENSION *ext = sk_X509_EXTENSION_value(exts, (ossl_valsize_t)i);
    BUF_MEM *biomem;
    char namebuf[128];
    BIO *bio_out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());

    if(!bio_out)
      return result;

    obj = X509_EXTENSION_get_object(ext);

    if(asn1_object_dump(obj, namebuf, sizeof(namebuf)))
      /* make sure the name is null-terminated */
      namebuf[sizeof(namebuf) - 1] = 0;

    if(!X509V3_EXT_print(bio_out, ext, 0, 0))
      ASN1_STRING_print(bio_out, (ASN1_STRING *)X509_EXTENSION_get_data(ext));

    BIO_get_mem_ptr(bio_out, &biomem);
    result = Curl_ssl_push_certinfo_len(data, certnum, namebuf, biomem->data,
                                        biomem->length);
    BIO_free(bio_out);
    if(result)
      break;
  }
  return result;
}

static CURLcode get_pkey_rsa(struct Curl_easy *data,
                             EVP_PKEY *pubkey, BIO *mem, int i)
{
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
#ifndef HAVE_EVP_PKEY_GET_PARAMS
  RSA *rsa = EVP_PKEY_get0_RSA(pubkey);
#endif /* !HAVE_EVP_PKEY_GET_PARAMS */
  DECLARE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(n);
  DECLARE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(e);
#ifdef HAVE_EVP_PKEY_GET_PARAMS
  EVP_PKEY_get_bn_param(pubkey, OSSL_PKEY_PARAM_RSA_N, &n);
  EVP_PKEY_get_bn_param(pubkey, OSSL_PKEY_PARAM_RSA_E, &e);
#else
  RSA_get0_key(rsa, &n, &e, NULL);
#endif /* HAVE_EVP_PKEY_GET_PARAMS */
  BIO_printf(mem, "%d", n ? BN_num_bits(n) : 0);
  result = push_certinfo(data, mem, "RSA Public Key", i);
  if(!result) {
    result = print_pubkey_BN(rsa, n, i);
    if(!result)
      result = print_pubkey_BN(rsa, e, i);
  }
  FREE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(n);
  FREE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(e);
  return result;
}

static CURLcode get_pkey_dsa(struct Curl_easy *data,
                             EVP_PKEY *pubkey, BIO *mem, int i)
{
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_DSA
#ifndef HAVE_EVP_PKEY_GET_PARAMS
  DSA *dsa = EVP_PKEY_get0_DSA(pubkey);
#endif /* !HAVE_EVP_PKEY_GET_PARAMS */
  DECLARE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(p);
  DECLARE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(q);
  DECLARE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(g);
  DECLARE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(pub_key);
#ifdef HAVE_EVP_PKEY_GET_PARAMS
  EVP_PKEY_get_bn_param(pubkey, OSSL_PKEY_PARAM_FFC_P, &p);
  EVP_PKEY_get_bn_param(pubkey, OSSL_PKEY_PARAM_FFC_Q, &q);
  EVP_PKEY_get_bn_param(pubkey, OSSL_PKEY_PARAM_FFC_G, &g);
  EVP_PKEY_get_bn_param(pubkey, OSSL_PKEY_PARAM_PUB_KEY, &pub_key);
#else
  DSA_get0_pqg(dsa, &p, &q, &g);
  DSA_get0_key(dsa, &pub_key, NULL);
#endif /* HAVE_EVP_PKEY_GET_PARAMS */
  result = print_pubkey_BN(dsa, p, i);
  if(!result)
    result = print_pubkey_BN(dsa, q, i);
  if(!result)
    result = print_pubkey_BN(dsa, g, i);
  if(!result)
    result = print_pubkey_BN(dsa, pub_key, i);
  FREE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(p);
  FREE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(q);
  FREE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(g);
  FREE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(pub_key);
#endif /* !OPENSSL_NO_DSA */
  return result;
}

static CURLcode get_pkey_dh(struct Curl_easy *data,
                            EVP_PKEY *pubkey, BIO *mem, int i)
{
  CURLcode result;
#ifndef HAVE_EVP_PKEY_GET_PARAMS
  DH *dh = EVP_PKEY_get0_DH(pubkey);
#endif /* !HAVE_EVP_PKEY_GET_PARAMS */
  DECLARE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(p);
  DECLARE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(q);
  DECLARE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(g);
  DECLARE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(pub_key);
#ifdef HAVE_EVP_PKEY_GET_PARAMS
  EVP_PKEY_get_bn_param(pubkey, OSSL_PKEY_PARAM_FFC_P, &p);
  EVP_PKEY_get_bn_param(pubkey, OSSL_PKEY_PARAM_FFC_Q, &q);
  EVP_PKEY_get_bn_param(pubkey, OSSL_PKEY_PARAM_FFC_G, &g);
  EVP_PKEY_get_bn_param(pubkey, OSSL_PKEY_PARAM_PUB_KEY, &pub_key);
#else
  DH_get0_pqg(dh, &p, &q, &g);
  DH_get0_key(dh, &pub_key, NULL);
#endif /* HAVE_EVP_PKEY_GET_PARAMS */
  result = print_pubkey_BN(dh, p, i);
  if(!result)
    result = print_pubkey_BN(dh, q, i);
  if(!result)
    result = print_pubkey_BN(dh, g, i);
  if(!result)
    result = print_pubkey_BN(dh, pub_key, i);
  FREE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(p);
  FREE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(q);
  FREE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(g);
  FREE_PKEY_PARAM_BIGNUM(pub_key);
  return result;
}

static CURLcode ossl_certchain(struct Curl_easy *data, SSL *ssl)
{
  CURLcode result;
  STACK_OF(X509) *sk;
  int i;
  numcert_t numcerts;
  BIO *mem;

  DEBUGASSERT(ssl);

  sk = SSL_get_peer_cert_chain(ssl);
  if(!sk)
    return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;

  numcerts = sk_X509_num(sk);
  if(numcerts > MAX_ALLOWED_CERT_AMOUNT) {
    failf(data, "%d certificates is more than allowed (%u)", (int)numcerts,
          MAX_ALLOWED_CERT_AMOUNT);
    return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
  }

  result = Curl_ssl_init_certinfo(data, (int)numcerts);
  if(result)
    return result;

  mem = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
  if(!mem)
    result = CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;

  for(i = 0; !result && (i < (int)numcerts); i++) {
    ASN1_INTEGER *num;
    const unsigned char *numdata;
    X509 *x = sk_X509_value(sk, (ossl_valsize_t)i);
    EVP_PKEY *pubkey = NULL;
    int j;
    const ASN1_BIT_STRING *psig = NULL;

    X509_NAME_print_ex(mem, X509_get_subject_name(x), 0, XN_FLAG_ONELINE);
    result = push_certinfo(data, mem, "Subject", i);
    if(result)
      break;

    X509_NAME_print_ex(mem, X509_get_issuer_name(x), 0, XN_FLAG_ONELINE);
    result = push_certinfo(data, mem, "Issuer", i);
    if(result)
      break;

    BIO_printf(mem, "%lx", X509_get_version(x));
    result = push_certinfo(data, mem, "Version", i);
    if(result)
      break;

    num = X509_get_serialNumber(x);
    if(ASN1_STRING_type(num) == V_ASN1_NEG_INTEGER)
      BIO_puts(mem, "-");
    numdata = ASN1_STRING_get0_data(num);
    for(j = 0; j < ASN1_STRING_length(num); j++)
      BIO_printf(mem, "%02x", numdata[j]);
    result = push_certinfo(data, mem, "Serial Number", i);
    if(result)
      break;

    {
      const X509_ALGOR *sigalg = NULL;
      X509_PUBKEY *xpubkey = NULL;
      ASN1_OBJECT *pubkeyoid = NULL;

      X509_get0_signature(&psig, &sigalg, x);
      if(sigalg) {
        const ASN1_OBJECT *sigalgoid = NULL;
        X509_ALGOR_get0(&sigalgoid, NULL, NULL, sigalg);
        i2a_ASN1_OBJECT(mem, sigalgoid);
        result = push_certinfo(data, mem, "Signature Algorithm", i);
        if(result)
          break;
      }

      xpubkey = X509_get_X509_PUBKEY(x);
      if(xpubkey) {
        X509_PUBKEY_get0_param(&pubkeyoid, NULL, NULL, NULL, xpubkey);
        if(pubkeyoid) {
          i2a_ASN1_OBJECT(mem, pubkeyoid);
          result = push_certinfo(data, mem, "Public Key Algorithm", i);
          if(result)
            break;
        }
      }

      result = X509V3_ext(data, i, X509_get0_extensions(x));
      if(result)
        break;
    }

    ASN1_TIME_print(mem, X509_get0_notBefore(x));
    result = push_certinfo(data, mem, "Start date", i);
    if(result)
      break;

    ASN1_TIME_print(mem, X509_get0_notAfter(x));
    result = push_certinfo(data, mem, "Expire date", i);
    if(result)
      break;

    pubkey = X509_get_pubkey(x);
    if(!pubkey)
      infof(data, "   Unable to load public key");
    else {
      switch(EVP_PKEY_id(pubkey)) {
      case EVP_PKEY_RSA:
        result = get_pkey_rsa(data, pubkey, mem, i);
        break;

      case EVP_PKEY_DSA:
        result = get_pkey_dsa(data, pubkey, mem, i);
        break;

      case EVP_PKEY_DH:
        result = get_pkey_dh(data, pubkey, mem, i);
        break;
      }
      EVP_PKEY_free(pubkey);
    }

    if(!result && psig) {
      const unsigned char *psigdata = ASN1_STRING_get0_data(psig);
      for(j = 0; j < ASN1_STRING_length(psig); j++)
        BIO_printf(mem, "%02x:", psigdata[j]);
      result = push_certinfo(data, mem, "Signature", i);
    }

    if(!result) {
      PEM_write_bio_X509(mem, x);
      result = push_certinfo(data, mem, "Cert", i);
    }
  }

  BIO_free(mem);

  if(result)
    /* cleanup all leftovers */
    Curl_ssl_free_certinfo(data);

  return result;
}

#endif /* USE_QUICHE || USE_OPENSSL */

#ifdef USE_OPENSSL

static int ossl_bio_cf_create(BIO *bio)
{
  BIO_set_shutdown(bio, 1);
  BIO_set_init(bio, 1);
  BIO_set_data(bio, NULL);
  return 1;
}

static int ossl_bio_cf_destroy(BIO *bio)
{
  if(!bio)
    return 0;
  return 1;
}

static long ossl_bio_cf_ctrl(BIO *bio, int cmd, long num, void *ptr)
{
  struct Curl_cfilter *cf = BIO_get_data(bio);
  long ret = 1;

  (void)cf;
  (void)ptr;
  switch(cmd) {
  case BIO_CTRL_GET_CLOSE:
    ret = (long)BIO_get_shutdown(bio);
    break;
  case BIO_CTRL_SET_CLOSE:
    BIO_set_shutdown(bio, (int)num);
    break;
  case BIO_CTRL_FLUSH:
    /* we do no delayed writes, but if we ever would, this
     * needs to trigger it. */
    ret = 1;
    break;
  case BIO_CTRL_DUP:
    ret = 1;
    break;
  case BIO_CTRL_EOF: {
    /* EOF has been reached on input? */
    struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;
    return connssl->peer_closed;
  }
  default:
    ret = 0;
    break;
  }
  return ret;
}

static int ossl_bio_cf_out_write(BIO *bio, const char *buf, int blen)
{
  struct Curl_cfilter *cf = BIO_get_data(bio);
  struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;
  struct ossl_ctx *octx = (struct ossl_ctx *)connssl->backend;
  struct Curl_easy *data = CF_DATA_CURRENT(cf);
  size_t nwritten;
  CURLcode result;

  DEBUGASSERT(data);
  if(blen < 0)
    return 0;

  result = Curl_conn_cf_send(cf->next, data,
                             (const uint8_t *)buf, (size_t)blen, FALSE,
                             &nwritten);
  CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "ossl_bio_cf_out_write(len=%d) -> %d, %zu",
              blen, result, nwritten);
  BIO_clear_retry_flags(bio);
  octx->io_result = result;
  if(result) {
    if(CURLE_AGAIN == result)
      BIO_set_retry_write(bio);
    return -1;
  }
  return (int)nwritten;
}

static int ossl_bio_cf_in_read(BIO *bio, char *buf, int blen)
{
  struct Curl_cfilter *cf = BIO_get_data(bio);
  struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;
  struct ossl_ctx *octx = (struct ossl_ctx *)connssl->backend;
  struct Curl_easy *data = CF_DATA_CURRENT(cf);
  size_t nread;
  CURLcode result, r2;

  DEBUGASSERT(data);
  /* OpenSSL catches this case, so should we. */
  if(!buf)
    return 0;
  if(blen < 0)
    return 0;

  result = Curl_conn_cf_recv(cf->next, data, buf, (size_t)blen, &nread);
  CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "ossl_bio_cf_in_read(len=%d) -> %d, %zu",
              blen, result, nread);
  BIO_clear_retry_flags(bio);
  octx->io_result = result;
  if(result) {
    if(CURLE_AGAIN == result)
      BIO_set_retry_read(bio);
  }
  else {
    /* feeding data to OpenSSL means SSL_read() might succeed */
    connssl->input_pending = TRUE;
    if(nread == 0)
      connssl->peer_closed = TRUE;
  }

  /* Before returning server replies to the SSL instance, we need
   * to have setup the x509 store or verification will fail. */
  if(!octx->x509_store_setup) {
    r2 = Curl_ssl_setup_x509_store(cf, data, octx);
    if(r2) {
      BIO_clear_retry_flags(bio);
      octx->io_result = r2;
      return -1;
    }
    octx->x509_store_setup = TRUE;
  }
  return result ? -1 : (int)nread;
}

static BIO_METHOD *ossl_bio_cf_method_create(void)
{
  BIO_METHOD *m = BIO_meth_new(BIO_TYPE_MEM, "OpenSSL CF BIO");
  if(m) {
    BIO_meth_set_write(m, &ossl_bio_cf_out_write);
    BIO_meth_set_read(m, &ossl_bio_cf_in_read);
    BIO_meth_set_ctrl(m, &ossl_bio_cf_ctrl);
    BIO_meth_set_create(m, &ossl_bio_cf_create);
    BIO_meth_set_destroy(m, &ossl_bio_cf_destroy);
  }
  return m;
}

static void ossl_bio_cf_method_free(BIO_METHOD *m)
{
  if(m)
    BIO_meth_free(m);
}

#ifdef HAVE_KEYLOG_CALLBACK
static void ossl_keylog_callback(const SSL *ssl, const char *line)
{
  (void)ssl;

  Curl_tls_keylog_write_line(line);
}
#else
/*
 * ossl_log_tls12_secret is called by libcurl to make the CLIENT_RANDOMs if the
 * OpenSSL being used does not have native support for doing that.
 */
static void ossl_log_tls12_secret(const SSL *ssl, bool *keylog_done)
{
  const SSL_SESSION *session;
  unsigned char client_random[SSL3_RANDOM_SIZE];
  unsigned char master_key[SSL_MAX_MASTER_KEY_LENGTH];
  int master_key_length = 0;

  ERR_set_mark();

  session = SSL_get_session(ssl);

  if(!session || *keylog_done) {
    ERR_pop_to_mark();
    return;
  }

  SSL_get_client_random(ssl, client_random, SSL3_RANDOM_SIZE);
  master_key_length = (int)
    SSL_SESSION_get_master_key(session, master_key, SSL_MAX_MASTER_KEY_LENGTH);

  ERR_pop_to_mark();

  /* The handshake has not progressed sufficiently yet, or this is a TLS 1.3
   * session (when curl was built with older OpenSSL headers and running with
   * newer OpenSSL runtime libraries). */
  if(master_key_length <= 0)
    return;

  *keylog_done = TRUE;
  Curl_tls_keylog_write("CLIENT_RANDOM", client_random,
                        master_key, master_key_length);
}
#endif /* !HAVE_KEYLOG_CALLBACK */

static const char *SSL_ERROR_to_str(int err)
{
  switch(err) {
  case SSL_ERROR_NONE:
    return "SSL_ERROR_NONE";
  case SSL_ERROR_SSL:
    return "SSL_ERROR_SSL";
  case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
    return "SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ";
  case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
    return "SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE";
  case SSL_ERROR_WANT_X509_LOOKUP:
    return "SSL_ERROR_WANT_X509_LOOKUP";
  case SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL:
    return "SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL";
  case SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN:
    return "SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN";
  case SSL_ERROR_WANT_CONNECT:
    return "SSL_ERROR_WANT_CONNECT";
  case SSL_ERROR_WANT_ACCEPT:
    return "SSL_ERROR_WANT_ACCEPT";
#ifdef SSL_ERROR_WANT_ASYNC  /* OpenSSL 1.1.0+, LibreSSL 3.6.0+ */
  case SSL_ERROR_WANT_ASYNC:
    return "SSL_ERROR_WANT_ASYNC";
#endif
#ifdef SSL_ERROR_WANT_ASYNC_JOB  /* OpenSSL 1.1.0+, LibreSSL 3.6.0+ */
  case SSL_ERROR_WANT_ASYNC_JOB:
    return "SSL_ERROR_WANT_ASYNC_JOB";
#endif
#ifdef SSL_ERROR_WANT_CLIENT_HELLO_CB  /* OpenSSL 1.1.1, LibreSSL 3.6.0+ */
  case SSL_ERROR_WANT_CLIENT_HELLO_CB:
    return "SSL_ERROR_WANT_CLIENT_HELLO_CB";
#endif
  default:
    return "SSL_ERROR unknown";
  }
}

/* Return error string for last OpenSSL error
 */
static char *ossl_strerror(unsigned long error, char *buf, size_t size)
{
  size_t len;
  DEBUGASSERT(size);
  *buf = '\0';

  len = Curl_ossl_version(buf, size);
  DEBUGASSERT(len < (size - 2));
  if(len < (size - 2)) {
    buf += len;
    size -= (len + 2);
    *buf++ = ':';
    *buf++ = ' ';
    *buf = '\0';
  }

#ifdef HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE
  ERR_error_string_n((uint32_t)error, buf, size);
#else
  ERR_error_string_n(error, buf, size);
#endif

  if(!*buf) {
    const char *msg = error ? "Unknown error" : "No error";
    curlx_strcopy(buf, size, msg, strlen(msg));
  }

  return buf;
}

static int passwd_callback(char *buf, int num, int encrypting, void *password)
{
  DEBUGASSERT(encrypting == 0);

  if(!encrypting && num >= 0 && password) {
    int klen = curlx_uztosi(strlen((char *)password));
    if(num > klen) {
      memcpy(buf, password, klen + 1);
      return klen;
    }
  }
  return 0;
}

/*
 * rand_enough() returns TRUE if we have seeded the random engine properly.
 */
static bool rand_enough(void)
{
  return RAND_status() != 0;
}

static CURLcode ossl_seed(struct Curl_easy *data)
{
  /* This might get called before it has been added to a multi handle */
  if(data->multi && data->multi->ssl_seeded)
    return CURLE_OK;

  if(rand_enough()) {
    /* OpenSSL 1.1.0+ should return here */
    if(data->multi)
      data->multi->ssl_seeded = TRUE;
    return CURLE_OK;
  }
  failf(data, "Insufficient randomness");
  return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
}

#ifndef SSL_FILETYPE_ENGINE
#define SSL_FILETYPE_ENGINE 42
#endif
#ifndef SSL_FILETYPE_PKCS12
#define SSL_FILETYPE_PKCS12 43
#endif
#ifndef SSL_FILETYPE_PROVIDER
#define SSL_FILETYPE_PROVIDER 44
#endif
static int ossl_do_file_type(const char *type)
{
  if(!type || !type[0])
    return SSL_FILETYPE_PEM;
  if(curl_strequal(type, "PEM"))
    return SSL_FILETYPE_PEM;
  if(curl_strequal(type, "DER"))
    return SSL_FILETYPE_ASN1;
  if(curl_strequal(type, "PROV"))
    return SSL_FILETYPE_PROVIDER;
  if(curl_strequal(type, "ENG"))
    return SSL_FILETYPE_ENGINE;
  if(curl_strequal(type, "P12"))
    return SSL_FILETYPE_PKCS12;
  return -1;
}

#if defined(USE_OPENSSL_ENGINE) || defined(OPENSSL_HAS_PROVIDERS)
/*
 * Supply default password to the engine user interface conversation.
 * The password is passed by OpenSSL engine from ENGINE_load_private_key()
 * last argument to the ui and can be obtained by UI_get0_user_data(ui) here.
 */
static int ssl_ui_reader(UI *ui, UI_STRING *uis)
{
  const char *password;
  switch(UI_get_string_type(uis)) {
  case UIT_PROMPT:
  case UIT_VERIFY:
    password = (const char *)UI_get0_user_data(ui);
    if(password && (UI_get_input_flags(uis) & UI_INPUT_FLAG_DEFAULT_PWD)) {
      UI_set_result(ui, uis, password);
      return 1;
    }
    FALLTHROUGH();
  default:
    break;
  }
  return (UI_method_get_reader(UI_OpenSSL()))(ui, uis);
}

/*
 * Suppress interactive request for a default password if available.
 */
static int ssl_ui_writer(UI *ui, UI_STRING *uis)
{
  switch(UI_get_string_type(uis)) {
  case UIT_PROMPT:
  case UIT_VERIFY:
    if(UI_get0_user_data(ui) &&
       (UI_get_input_flags(uis) & UI_INPUT_FLAG_DEFAULT_PWD)) {
      return 1;
    }
    FALLTHROUGH();
  default:
    break;
  }
  return (UI_method_get_writer(UI_OpenSSL()))(ui, uis);
}

/*
 * Check if a given string is a PKCS#11 URI
 */
static bool is_pkcs11_uri(const char *string)
{
  return string && curl_strnequal(string, "pkcs11:", 7);
}

#endif

static CURLcode ossl_set_engine(struct Curl_easy *data, const char *engine);
#ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_PROVIDERS
static CURLcode ossl_set_provider(struct Curl_easy *data,
                                  const char *provider);
#endif

static int use_certificate_blob(SSL_CTX *ctx, const struct curl_blob *blob,
                                int type, const char *key_passwd)
{
  int ret = 0;
  X509 *x = NULL;
  /* the typecast of blob->len is fine since it is guaranteed to never be
     larger than CURL_MAX_INPUT_LENGTH */
  BIO *in = BIO_new_mem_buf(blob->data, (int)(blob->len));
  if(!in)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;

  if(type == SSL_FILETYPE_ASN1) {
    /* j = ERR_R_ASN1_LIB; */
    x = d2i_X509_bio(in, NULL);
  }
  else if(type == SSL_FILETYPE_PEM) {
    /* ERR_R_PEM_LIB; */
    x = PEM_read_bio_X509(in, NULL, passwd_callback, CURL_UNCONST(key_passwd));
  }
  else {
    ret = 0;
    goto end;
  }

  if(!x) {
    ret = 0;
    goto end;
  }

  ret = SSL_CTX_use_certificate(ctx, x);
end:
  X509_free(x);
  BIO_free(in);
  return ret;
}

static int use_privatekey_blob(SSL_CTX *ctx, const struct curl_blob *blob,
                               int type, const char *key_passwd)
{
  int ret = 0;
  EVP_PKEY *pkey = NULL;
  BIO *in = BIO_new_mem_buf(blob->data, (int)(blob->len));
  if(!in)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;

  if(type == SSL_FILETYPE_PEM)
    pkey = PEM_read_bio_PrivateKey(in, NULL, passwd_callback,
                                   CURL_UNCONST(key_passwd));
  else if(type == SSL_FILETYPE_ASN1)
    pkey = d2i_PrivateKey_bio(in, NULL);
  else
    goto end;

  if(!pkey)
    goto end;

  ret = SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey(ctx, pkey);
  EVP_PKEY_free(pkey);
end:
  BIO_free(in);
  return ret;
}

static int use_certificate_chain_blob(SSL_CTX *ctx,
                                      const struct curl_blob *blob,
                                      const char *key_passwd)
{
  int ret = 0;
  X509 *x = NULL;
  BIO *in = BIO_new_mem_buf(blob->data, (int)(blob->len));
  if(!in)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;

  ERR_clear_error();

  x = PEM_read_bio_X509_AUX(in, NULL,
                            passwd_callback, CURL_UNCONST(key_passwd));
  if(!x)
    goto end;

  ret = SSL_CTX_use_certificate(ctx, x);

  if(ERR_peek_error() != 0)
    ret = 0;

  if(ret) {
    X509 *ca;
    sslerr_t err;

    if(!SSL_CTX_clear_chain_certs(ctx)) {
      ret = 0;
      goto end;
    }

    while((ca = PEM_read_bio_X509(in, NULL, passwd_callback,
                                  CURL_UNCONST(key_passwd))) != NULL) {

      if(!SSL_CTX_add0_chain_cert(ctx, ca)) {
        X509_free(ca);
        ret = 0;
        goto end;
      }
    }

    err = ERR_peek_last_error();
    if((ERR_GET_LIB(err) == ERR_LIB_PEM) &&
       (ERR_GET_REASON(err) == PEM_R_NO_START_LINE))
      ERR_clear_error();
    else
      ret = 0;
  }

end:
  X509_free(x);
  BIO_free(in);
  return ret;
}

static int enginecheck(struct Curl_easy *data,
                       SSL_CTX* ctx,
                       const char *key_file,
                       const char *key_passwd)
#ifdef USE_OPENSSL_ENGINE
{
  EVP_PKEY *priv_key = NULL;

  /* Implicitly use pkcs11 engine if none was provided and the
   * key_file is a PKCS#11 URI */
  if(!data->state.engine) {
    if(is_pkcs11_uri(key_file)) {
      if(ossl_set_engine(data, "pkcs11") != CURLE_OK) {
        return 0;
      }
    }
  }

  if(data->state.engine) {
    UI_METHOD *ui_method = UI_create_method("curl user interface");
    if(!ui_method) {
      failf(data, "unable to create " OSSL_PACKAGE " user-interface method");
      return 0;
    }
    UI_method_set_opener(ui_method, UI_method_get_opener(UI_OpenSSL()));
    UI_method_set_closer(ui_method, UI_method_get_closer(UI_OpenSSL()));
    UI_method_set_reader(ui_method, ssl_ui_reader);
    UI_method_set_writer(ui_method, ssl_ui_writer);
    priv_key = ENGINE_load_private_key(data->state.engine, key_file,
                                       ui_method,
                                       CURL_UNCONST(key_passwd));
    UI_destroy_method(ui_method);
    if(!priv_key) {
      failf(data, "failed to load private key from crypto engine");
      return 0;
    }
    if(SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey(ctx, priv_key) != 1) {
      failf(data, "unable to set private key");
      EVP_PKEY_free(priv_key);
      return 0;
    }
    EVP_PKEY_free(priv_key);  /* we do not need the handle any more... */
  }
  else {
    failf(data, "crypto engine not set, cannot load private key");
    return 0;
  }
  return 1;
}
#else
{
  (void)ctx;
  (void)key_file;
  (void)key_passwd;
  failf(data, "SSL_FILETYPE_ENGINE not supported for private key");
  return 0;
}
#endif

static int providercheck(struct Curl_easy *data,
                         SSL_CTX* ctx,
                         const char *key_file)
#ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_PROVIDERS
{
  char error_buffer[256];
  /* Implicitly use pkcs11 provider if none was provided and the
   * key_file is a PKCS#11 URI */
  if(!data->state.provider_loaded) {
    if(is_pkcs11_uri(key_file)) {
      if(ossl_set_provider(data, "pkcs11") != CURLE_OK) {
        return 0;
      }
    }
  }

  if(data->state.provider_loaded) {
    /* Load the private key from the provider */
    EVP_PKEY *priv_key = NULL;
    OSSL_STORE_CTX *store = NULL;
    OSSL_STORE_INFO *info = NULL;
    UI_METHOD *ui_method = UI_create_method("curl user interface");
    if(!ui_method) {
      failf(data, "unable to create " OSSL_PACKAGE " user-interface method");
      return 0;
    }
    UI_method_set_opener(ui_method, UI_method_get_opener(UI_OpenSSL()));
    UI_method_set_closer(ui_method, UI_method_get_closer(UI_OpenSSL()));
    UI_method_set_reader(ui_method, ssl_ui_reader);
    UI_method_set_writer(ui_method, ssl_ui_writer);

    store = OSSL_STORE_open_ex(key_file, data->state.libctx,
                               data->state.propq, ui_method, NULL, NULL,
                               NULL, NULL);
    if(!store) {
      failf(data, "Failed to open OpenSSL store: %s",
            ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer,
                          sizeof(error_buffer)));
      UI_destroy_method(ui_method);
      return 0;
    }
    if(OSSL_STORE_expect(store, OSSL_STORE_INFO_PKEY) != 1) {
      failf(data, "Failed to set store preference. Ignoring the error: %s",
            ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer,
                          sizeof(error_buffer)));
    }

    info = OSSL_STORE_load(store);
    if(info) {
      int ossl_type = OSSL_STORE_INFO_get_type(info);

      if(ossl_type == OSSL_STORE_INFO_PKEY)
        priv_key = OSSL_STORE_INFO_get1_PKEY(info);
      OSSL_STORE_INFO_free(info);
    }
    OSSL_STORE_close(store);
    UI_destroy_method(ui_method);
    if(!priv_key) {
      failf(data, "No private key found in the openssl store: %s",
            ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer,
                          sizeof(error_buffer)));
      return 0;
    }

    if(SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey(ctx, priv_key) != 1) {
      failf(data, "unable to set private key [%s]",
            ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer,
                          sizeof(error_buffer)));
      EVP_PKEY_free(priv_key);
      return 0;
    }
    EVP_PKEY_free(priv_key); /* we do not need the handle any more... */
  }
  else {
    failf(data, "crypto provider not set, cannot load private key");
    return 0;
  }
  return 1;
}
#else
{
  (void)ctx;
  (void)key_file;
  failf(data, "SSL_FILETYPE_PROVIDER not supported for private key");
  return 0;
}
#endif

static int engineload(struct Curl_easy *data,
                      SSL_CTX* ctx,
                      const char *cert_file)
/* ENGINE_CTRL_GET_CMD_FROM_NAME supported by OpenSSL, LibreSSL <=3.8.3 */
#if defined(USE_OPENSSL_ENGINE) && defined(ENGINE_CTRL_GET_CMD_FROM_NAME)
{
  char error_buffer[256];
  /* Implicitly use pkcs11 engine if none was provided and the
   * cert_file is a PKCS#11 URI */
  if(!data->state.engine) {
    if(is_pkcs11_uri(cert_file)) {
      if(ossl_set_engine(data, "pkcs11") != CURLE_OK) {
        return 0;
      }
    }
  }

  if(data->state.engine) {
    const char *cmd_name = "LOAD_CERT_CTRL";
    struct {
      const char *cert_id;
      X509 *cert;
    } params;

    params.cert_id = cert_file;
    params.cert = NULL;

    /* Does the engine supports LOAD_CERT_CTRL ? */
    if(!ENGINE_ctrl(data->state.engine, ENGINE_CTRL_GET_CMD_FROM_NAME,
                    0, CURL_UNCONST(cmd_name), NULL)) {
      failf(data, "ssl engine does not support loading certificates");
      return 0;
    }

    /* Load the certificate from the engine */
    if(!ENGINE_ctrl_cmd(data->state.engine, cmd_name,
                        0, &params, NULL, 1)) {
      failf(data, "ssl engine cannot load client cert with id '%s' [%s]",
            cert_file,
            ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer,
                          sizeof(error_buffer)));
      return 0;
    }

    if(!params.cert) {
      failf(data, "ssl engine did not initialized the certificate properly.");
      return 0;
    }

    if(SSL_CTX_use_certificate(ctx, params.cert) != 1) {
      failf(data, "unable to set client certificate [%s]",
            ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer,
                          sizeof(error_buffer)));
      X509_free(params.cert);
      return 0;
    }
    X509_free(params.cert); /* we do not need the handle any more... */
  }
  else {
    failf(data, "crypto engine not set, cannot load certificate");
    return 0;
  }
  return 1;
}
#else
{
  (void)ctx;
  (void)cert_file;
  failf(data, "SSL_FILETYPE_ENGINE not supported for certificate");
  return 0;
}
#endif

static int providerload(struct Curl_easy *data,
                        SSL_CTX* ctx,
                        const char *cert_file)
#ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_PROVIDERS
{
  char error_buffer[256];
  /* Implicitly use pkcs11 provider if none was provided and the
   * cert_file is a PKCS#11 URI */
  if(!data->state.provider_loaded) {
    if(is_pkcs11_uri(cert_file)) {
      if(ossl_set_provider(data, "pkcs11") != CURLE_OK) {
        return 0;
      }
    }
  }

  if(data->state.provider_loaded) {
    /* Load the certificate from the provider */
    OSSL_STORE_INFO *info = NULL;
    X509 *cert = NULL;
    OSSL_STORE_CTX *store =
      OSSL_STORE_open_ex(cert_file, data->state.libctx,
                         NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
    int rc;

    if(!store) {
      failf(data, "Failed to open OpenSSL store: %s",
            ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer,
                          sizeof(error_buffer)));
      return 0;
    }
    if(OSSL_STORE_expect(store, OSSL_STORE_INFO_CERT) != 1) {
      failf(data, "Failed to set store preference. Ignoring the error: %s",
            ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer,
                          sizeof(error_buffer)));
    }

    info = OSSL_STORE_load(store);
    if(info) {
      int ossl_type = OSSL_STORE_INFO_get_type(info);

      if(ossl_type == OSSL_STORE_INFO_CERT)
        cert = OSSL_STORE_INFO_get1_CERT(info);
      OSSL_STORE_INFO_free(info);
    }
    OSSL_STORE_close(store);
    if(!cert) {
      failf(data, "No cert found in the openssl store: %s",
            ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer,
                          sizeof(error_buffer)));
      return 0;
    }

    rc = SSL_CTX_use_certificate(ctx, cert);
    X509_free(cert); /* we do not need the handle any more... */

    if(rc != 1) {
      failf(data, "unable to set client certificate [%s]",
            ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer,
                          sizeof(error_buffer)));
      return 0;
    }
  }
  else {
    failf(data, "crypto provider not set, cannot load certificate");
    return 0;
  }
  return 1;
}
#else
{
  (void)ctx;
  (void)cert_file;
  failf(data, "SSL_FILETYPE_PROVIDER not supported for certificate");
  return 0;
}
#endif

static int pkcs12load(struct Curl_easy *data,
                      SSL_CTX* ctx,
                      const struct curl_blob *cert_blob,
                      const char *cert_file,
                      const char *key_passwd)
{
  char error_buffer[256];
  BIO *cert_bio = NULL;
  PKCS12 *p12 = NULL;
  EVP_PKEY *pri;
  X509 *x509;
  int cert_done = 0;
  STACK_OF(X509) *ca = NULL;
  if(cert_blob) {
    cert_bio = BIO_new_mem_buf(cert_blob->data, (int)(cert_blob->len));
    if(!cert_bio) {
      failf(data, "BIO_new_mem_buf NULL, " OSSL_PACKAGE " error %s",
            ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer,
                          sizeof(error_buffer)) );
      return 0;
    }
  }
  else {
    cert_bio = BIO_new(BIO_s_file());
    if(!cert_bio) {
      failf(data, "BIO_new return NULL, " OSSL_PACKAGE " error %s",
            ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer,
                          sizeof(error_buffer)) );
      return 0;
    }

    if(BIO_read_filename(cert_bio, CURL_UNCONST(cert_file)) <= 0) {
      failf(data, "could not open PKCS12 file '%s'", cert_file);
      BIO_free(cert_bio);
      return 0;
    }
  }

  p12 = d2i_PKCS12_bio(cert_bio, NULL);
  BIO_free(cert_bio);

  if(!p12) {
    failf(data, "error reading PKCS12 file '%s'",
          cert_blob ? "(memory blob)" : cert_file);
    return 0;
  }

  if(!PKCS12_parse(p12, key_passwd, &pri, &x509, &ca)) {
    failf(data, "could not parse PKCS12 file, check password, " OSSL_PACKAGE
          " error %s",
          ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer)));
    PKCS12_free(p12);
    return 0;
  }

  PKCS12_free(p12);

  if(SSL_CTX_use_certificate(ctx, x509) != 1) {
    failf(data, "could not load PKCS12 client certificate, " OSSL_PACKAGE
          " error %s",
          ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer)));
    goto fail;
  }

  if(SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey(ctx, pri) != 1) {
    failf(data, "unable to use private key from PKCS12 file '%s'", cert_file);
    goto fail;
  }

  if(!SSL_CTX_check_private_key(ctx)) {
    failf(data, "private key from PKCS12 file '%s' "
          "does not match certificate in same file", cert_file);
    goto fail;
  }
  /* Set Certificate Verification chain */
  if(ca) {
    while(sk_X509_num(ca)) {
      /*
       * Note that sk_X509_pop() is used below to make sure the cert is
       * removed from the stack properly before getting passed to
       * SSL_CTX_add_extra_chain_cert(), which takes ownership. Previously
       * we used sk_X509_value() instead, but then we would clean it in the
       * subsequent sk_X509_pop_free() call.
       */
      X509 *x = sk_X509_pop(ca);
      if(!SSL_CTX_add_client_CA(ctx, x)) {
        X509_free(x);
        failf(data, "cannot add certificate to client CA list");
        goto fail;
      }
      if(!SSL_CTX_add_extra_chain_cert(ctx, x)) {
        X509_free(x);
        failf(data, "cannot add certificate to certificate chain");
        goto fail;
      }
    }
  }

  cert_done = 1;
fail:
  EVP_PKEY_free(pri);
  X509_free(x509);
#if defined(__clang__) && __clang_major__ >= 16
#pragma clang diagnostic push
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wcast-function-type-strict"
#endif
  sk_X509_pop_free(ca, X509_free);
#if defined(__clang__) && __clang_major__ >= 16
#pragma clang diagnostic pop
#endif
  if(!cert_done)
    return 0; /* failure! */
  return 1;
}

static CURLcode client_cert(struct Curl_easy *data,
                            SSL_CTX* ctx,
                            char *cert_file,
                            const struct curl_blob *cert_blob,
                            const char *cert_type,
                            char *key_file,
                            const struct curl_blob *key_blob,
                            const char *key_type,
                            char *key_passwd)
{
  char error_buffer[256];
  bool check_privkey = TRUE;
  int file_type = ossl_do_file_type(cert_type);

  if(cert_file || cert_blob || (file_type == SSL_FILETYPE_ENGINE) ||
     (file_type == SSL_FILETYPE_PROVIDER)) {
    SSL *ssl;
    X509 *x509;
    bool pcks12_done = FALSE;
    int cert_use_result;

    if(key_passwd) {
      /* set the password in the callback userdata */
      SSL_CTX_set_default_passwd_cb_userdata(ctx, key_passwd);
      /* Set passwd callback: */
      SSL_CTX_set_default_passwd_cb(ctx, passwd_callback);
    }

    switch(file_type) {
    case SSL_FILETYPE_PEM:
      /* SSL_CTX_use_certificate_chain_file() only works on PEM files */
      cert_use_result = cert_blob ?
        use_certificate_chain_blob(ctx, cert_blob, key_passwd) :
        SSL_CTX_use_certificate_chain_file(ctx, cert_file);
      if(cert_use_result != 1) {
        failf(data,
              "could not load PEM client certificate from %s, " OSSL_PACKAGE
              " error %s, "
              "(no key found, wrong passphrase, or wrong file format?)",
              (cert_blob ? "CURLOPT_SSLCERT_BLOB" : cert_file),
              ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer,
                            sizeof(error_buffer)));
        return CURLE_SSL_CERTPROBLEM;
      }
      break;

    case SSL_FILETYPE_ASN1:
      /* SSL_CTX_use_certificate_file() works with either PEM or ASN1, but
         we use the case above for PEM so this can only be performed with
         ASN1 files. */

      cert_use_result = cert_blob ?
        use_certificate_blob(ctx, cert_blob, file_type, key_passwd) :
      SSL_CTX_use_certificate_file(ctx, cert_file, file_type);
      if(cert_use_result != 1) {
        failf(data,
              "could not load ASN1 client certificate from %s, " OSSL_PACKAGE
              " error %s, "
              "(no key found, wrong passphrase, or wrong file format?)",
              (cert_blob ? "CURLOPT_SSLCERT_BLOB" : cert_file),
              ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer,
                            sizeof(error_buffer)));
        return CURLE_SSL_CERTPROBLEM;
      }
      break;

    case SSL_FILETYPE_ENGINE:
      if(!cert_file || !engineload(data, ctx, cert_file))
        return CURLE_SSL_CERTPROBLEM;
      break;

    case SSL_FILETYPE_PROVIDER:
      if(!cert_file || !providerload(data, ctx, cert_file))
        return CURLE_SSL_CERTPROBLEM;
      break;

    case SSL_FILETYPE_PKCS12:
      if(!pkcs12load(data, ctx, cert_blob, cert_file, key_passwd))
        return CURLE_SSL_CERTPROBLEM;
      pcks12_done = TRUE;
      break;

    default:
      failf(data, "not supported file type '%s' for certificate", cert_type);
      return CURLE_BAD_FUNCTION_ARGUMENT;
    }

    if((!key_file) && (!key_blob)) {
      key_file = cert_file;
      key_blob = cert_blob;
    }
    else
      file_type = ossl_do_file_type(key_type);

    switch(file_type) {
    case SSL_FILETYPE_PEM:
    case SSL_FILETYPE_ASN1:
      cert_use_result = key_blob ?
        use_privatekey_blob(ctx, key_blob, file_type, key_passwd) :
      SSL_CTX_use_PrivateKey_file(ctx, key_file, file_type);
      if(cert_use_result != 1) {
        failf(data, "unable to set private key file: '%s' type %s",
              key_file ? key_file : "(memory blob)",
              key_type ? key_type : "PEM");
        return CURLE_BAD_FUNCTION_ARGUMENT;
      }
      break;
    case SSL_FILETYPE_ENGINE:
      if(!enginecheck(data, ctx, key_file, key_passwd))
        return CURLE_SSL_CERTPROBLEM;
      break;

    case SSL_FILETYPE_PROVIDER:
      if(!providercheck(data, ctx, key_file))
        return CURLE_SSL_CERTPROBLEM;
      break;

    case SSL_FILETYPE_PKCS12:
      if(!pcks12_done) {
        failf(data, "file type P12 for private key not supported");
        return CURLE_SSL_CERTPROBLEM;
      }
      break;
    default:
      failf(data, "not supported file type for private key");
      return CURLE_BAD_FUNCTION_ARGUMENT;
    }

    ssl = SSL_new(ctx);
    if(!ssl) {
      failf(data, "unable to create an SSL structure");
      return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    }

    x509 = SSL_get_certificate(ssl);

    if(x509) {
      EVP_PKEY *pktmp = X509_get_pubkey(x509);
      EVP_PKEY_copy_parameters(pktmp, SSL_get_privatekey(ssl));
      EVP_PKEY_free(pktmp);
    }

#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_RSA) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_DEPRECATED_3_0)
    {
      /* If RSA is used, do not check the private key if its flags indicate
       * it does not support it. */
      EVP_PKEY *priv_key = SSL_get_privatekey(ssl);
      if(EVP_PKEY_id(priv_key) == EVP_PKEY_RSA) {
        RSA *rsa = EVP_PKEY_get1_RSA(priv_key);
        if(RSA_flags(rsa) & RSA_METHOD_FLAG_NO_CHECK)
          check_privkey = FALSE;
        RSA_free(rsa); /* Decrement reference count */
      }
    }
#endif

    SSL_free(ssl);

    /* If we are using DSA, we can copy the parameters from
     * the private key */

    if(check_privkey == TRUE) {
      /* Now we know that a key and cert have been set against
       * the SSL context */
      if(!SSL_CTX_check_private_key(ctx)) {
        failf(data, "Private key does not match the certificate public key");
        return CURLE_SSL_CERTPROBLEM;
      }
    }
  }
  return CURLE_OK;
}

#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_VERBOSE_STRINGS
/* returns non-zero on failure */
static CURLcode x509_name_oneline(X509_NAME *a, struct dynbuf *d)
{
  BIO *bio_out = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
  BUF_MEM *biomem;
  int rc;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;

  if(bio_out) {
    unsigned long flags = XN_FLAG_SEP_SPLUS_SPC |
      (XN_FLAG_ONELINE & ~ASN1_STRFLGS_ESC_MSB & ~XN_FLAG_SPC_EQ);
    curlx_dyn_reset(d);
    rc = X509_NAME_print_ex(bio_out, a, 0, flags);
    if(rc != -1) {
      BIO_get_mem_ptr(bio_out, &biomem);
      result = curlx_dyn_addn(d, biomem->data, biomem->length);
    }
    BIO_free(bio_out);
  }
  return result;
}
#endif

/**
 * Global SSL init
 *
 * @retval 0 error initializing SSL
 * @retval 1 SSL initialized successfully
 */
static int ossl_init(void)
{
  const uint64_t flags =
#ifdef OPENSSL_INIT_ENGINE_ALL_BUILTIN
    /* not present in BoringSSL */
    OPENSSL_INIT_ENGINE_ALL_BUILTIN |
#endif
#ifdef CURL_DISABLE_OPENSSL_AUTO_LOAD_CONFIG
    OPENSSL_INIT_NO_LOAD_CONFIG |
#else
    OPENSSL_INIT_LOAD_CONFIG |
#endif
    0;
  OPENSSL_init_ssl(flags, NULL);

  Curl_tls_keylog_open();

  return 1;
}

/* Global cleanup */
static void ossl_cleanup(void)
{
  Curl_tls_keylog_close();
}

/* Selects an OpenSSL crypto engine or provider.
 */
static CURLcode ossl_set_engine(struct Curl_easy *data, const char *name)
{
#ifdef USE_OPENSSL_ENGINE
  CURLcode result = CURLE_SSL_ENGINE_NOTFOUND;
  ENGINE *e = ENGINE_by_id(name);

  if(e) {

    if(data->state.engine) {
      ENGINE_finish(data->state.engine);
      ENGINE_free(data->state.engine);
      data->state.engine = NULL;
    }
    if(!ENGINE_init(e)) {
      char buf[256];

      ENGINE_free(e);
      failf(data, "Failed to initialise SSL Engine '%s': %s",
            name, ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), buf, sizeof(buf)));
      result = CURLE_SSL_ENGINE_INITFAILED;
      e = NULL;
    }
    else {
      result = CURLE_OK;
    }
    data->state.engine = e;
    return result;
  }
#endif
#ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_PROVIDERS
  return ossl_set_provider(data, name);
#else
  (void)name;
  failf(data, "OpenSSL engine not found");
  return CURLE_SSL_ENGINE_NOTFOUND;
#endif
}

/* Sets engine as default for all SSL operations
 */
static CURLcode ossl_set_engine_default(struct Curl_easy *data)
{
#ifdef USE_OPENSSL_ENGINE
  if(data->state.engine) {
    if(ENGINE_set_default(data->state.engine, ENGINE_METHOD_ALL) > 0) {
      infof(data, "set default crypto engine '%s'",
            ENGINE_get_id(data->state.engine));
    }
    else {
      failf(data, "set default crypto engine '%s' failed",
            ENGINE_get_id(data->state.engine));
      return CURLE_SSL_ENGINE_SETFAILED;
    }
  }
#else
  (void)data;
#endif
  return CURLE_OK;
}

/* Return list of OpenSSL crypto engine names.
 */
static struct curl_slist *ossl_engines_list(struct Curl_easy *data)
{
  struct curl_slist *list = NULL;
#ifdef USE_OPENSSL_ENGINE
  struct curl_slist *beg;
  ENGINE *e;

  for(e = ENGINE_get_first(); e; e = ENGINE_get_next(e)) {
    beg = curl_slist_append(list, ENGINE_get_id(e));
    if(!beg) {
      curl_slist_free_all(list);
      return NULL;
    }
    list = beg;
  }
#endif
  (void)data;
  return list;
}

#ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_PROVIDERS

static void ossl_provider_cleanup(struct Curl_easy *data)
{
  if(data->state.baseprov) {
    OSSL_PROVIDER_unload(data->state.baseprov);
    data->state.baseprov = NULL;
  }
  if(data->state.provider) {
    OSSL_PROVIDER_unload(data->state.provider);
    data->state.provider = NULL;
  }
  OSSL_LIB_CTX_free(data->state.libctx);
  data->state.libctx = NULL;
  Curl_safefree(data->state.propq);
  data->state.provider_loaded = FALSE;
}

#define MAX_PROVIDER_LEN 128 /* reasonable */

/* Selects an OpenSSL crypto provider.
 *
 * A provider might need an associated property, a string passed on to
 * OpenSSL. Specify this as [PROVIDER][:PROPERTY]: separate the name and the
 * property with a colon. No colon means no property is set.
 *
 * An example provider + property looks like "tpm2:?provider=tpm2".
 */
static CURLcode ossl_set_provider(struct Curl_easy *data, const char *iname)
{
  char name[MAX_PROVIDER_LEN + 1];
  struct Curl_str prov;
  const char *propq = NULL;

  if(!iname) {
    /* clear and cleanup provider use */
    ossl_provider_cleanup(data);
    return CURLE_OK;
  }
  if(curlx_str_until(&iname, &prov, MAX_PROVIDER_LEN, ':'))
    return CURLE_BAD_FUNCTION_ARGUMENT;

  if(!curlx_str_single(&iname, ':'))
    /* there was a colon, get the propq until the end of string */
    propq = iname;

  /* we need the name in a buffer, null-terminated */
  memcpy(name, curlx_str(&prov), curlx_strlen(&prov));
  name[curlx_strlen(&prov)] = 0;

  if(!data->state.libctx) {
    OSSL_LIB_CTX *libctx = OSSL_LIB_CTX_new();
    if(!libctx)
      return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    if(propq) {
      data->state.propq = curlx_strdup(propq);
      if(!data->state.propq) {
        OSSL_LIB_CTX_free(libctx);
        return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
      }
    }
    data->state.libctx = libctx;
  }

#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_OPENSSL_AUTO_LOAD_CONFIG
  /* load the configuration file into the library context before checking the
   * provider availability */
  if(!OSSL_LIB_CTX_load_config(data->state.libctx, NULL)) {
    infof(data, "Failed to load default openssl config. Proceeding.");
  }
#endif

  if(OSSL_PROVIDER_available(data->state.libctx, name)) {
    /* already loaded through the configuration - no action needed */
    data->state.provider_loaded = TRUE;
    return CURLE_OK;
  }

  data->state.provider = OSSL_PROVIDER_try_load(data->state.libctx, name, 1);
  if(!data->state.provider) {
    char error_buffer[256];
    failf(data, "Failed to initialize provider: %s",
          ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer)));
    ossl_provider_cleanup(data);
    return CURLE_SSL_ENGINE_NOTFOUND;
  }

  /* load the base provider as well */
  data->state.baseprov = OSSL_PROVIDER_try_load(data->state.libctx, "base", 1);
  if(!data->state.baseprov) {
    ossl_provider_cleanup(data);
    failf(data, "Failed to load base");
    return CURLE_SSL_ENGINE_NOTFOUND;
  }
  else
    data->state.provider_loaded = TRUE;
  return CURLE_OK;
}
#endif

static CURLcode ossl_shutdown(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                              struct Curl_easy *data,
                              bool send_shutdown, bool *done)
{
  struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;
  struct ossl_ctx *octx = (struct ossl_ctx *)connssl->backend;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  char buf[1024];
  int nread = -1, err;
  unsigned long sslerr;
  size_t i;

  DEBUGASSERT(octx);
  if(!octx->ssl || cf->shutdown) {
    *done = TRUE;
    goto out;
  }

  connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_NONE;
  *done = FALSE;
  if(!(SSL_get_shutdown(octx->ssl) & SSL_SENT_SHUTDOWN)) {
    /* We have not started the shutdown from our side yet. Check
     * if the server already sent us one. */
    ERR_clear_error();
    for(i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
      nread = SSL_read(octx->ssl, buf, (int)sizeof(buf));
      CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL shutdown not sent, read -> %d", nread);
      if(nread <= 0)
        break;
    }
    err = SSL_get_error(octx->ssl, nread);
    if(!nread && err == SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN) {
      bool input_pending;
      /* Yes, it did. */
      if(!send_shutdown) {
        CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL shutdown received, not sending");
        *done = TRUE;
        goto out;
      }
      else if(!cf->next->cft->is_alive(cf->next, data, &input_pending)) {
        /* Server closed the connection after its closy notify. It
         * seems not interested to see our close notify, so do not
         * send it. We are done. */
        connssl->peer_closed = TRUE;
        CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "peer closed connection");
        *done = TRUE;
        goto out;
      }
    }
  }

  /* SSL should now have started the shutdown from our side. Since it
   * was not complete, we are lacking the close notify from the server. */
  if(send_shutdown && !(SSL_get_shutdown(octx->ssl) & SSL_SENT_SHUTDOWN)) {
    int rc;
    ERR_clear_error();
    CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "send SSL close notify");
    rc = SSL_shutdown(octx->ssl);
    if(rc == 1) {
      CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL shutdown finished");
      *done = TRUE;
      goto out;
    }
    if(SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE == SSL_get_error(octx->ssl, rc)) {
      CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL shutdown still wants to send");
      connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_SEND;
      goto out;
    }
    /* Having sent the close notify, we use SSL_read() to get the
     * missing close notify from the server. */
  }

  for(i = 0; i < 10; ++i) {
    ERR_clear_error();
    nread = SSL_read(octx->ssl, buf, (int)sizeof(buf));
    CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL shutdown read -> %d", nread);
    if(nread <= 0)
      break;
  }
  err = SSL_get_error(octx->ssl, nread);
  switch(err) {
  case SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN: /* no more data */
    if(SSL_shutdown(octx->ssl) == 1)
      CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL shutdown finished");
    else
      CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL shutdown not received, but closed");
    *done = TRUE;
    break;
  case SSL_ERROR_NONE: /* just did not get anything */
  case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
    /* SSL has send its notify and now wants to read the reply
     * from the server. We are not really interested in that. */
    CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL shutdown sent, want receive");
    connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_RECV;
    break;
  case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
    CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL shutdown send blocked");
    connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_SEND;
    break;
  default:
    /* Server seems to have closed the connection without sending us
     * a close notify. */
    sslerr = ERR_get_error();
    CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL shutdown, ignore recv error: '%s', errno %d",
                (sslerr ?
                 ossl_strerror(sslerr, buf, sizeof(buf)) :
                 SSL_ERROR_to_str(err)),
                SOCKERRNO);
    *done = TRUE;
    result = CURLE_OK;
    break;
  }

out:
  cf->shutdown = (result || *done);
  if(cf->shutdown || (connssl->io_need != CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_NONE))
    connssl->input_pending = FALSE;
  return result;
}

static void ossl_close(struct Curl_cfilter *cf, struct Curl_easy *data)
{
  struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;
  struct ossl_ctx *octx = (struct ossl_ctx *)connssl->backend;

  (void)data;
  DEBUGASSERT(octx);

  connssl->input_pending = FALSE;
  if(octx->ssl) {
    SSL_free(octx->ssl);
    octx->ssl = NULL;
  }
  if(octx->ssl_ctx) {
    SSL_CTX_free(octx->ssl_ctx);
    octx->ssl_ctx = NULL;
    octx->x509_store_setup = FALSE;
  }
  if(octx->bio_method) {
    ossl_bio_cf_method_free(octx->bio_method);
    octx->bio_method = NULL;
  }
}

/*
 * This function is called when the 'data' struct is going away. Close
 * down everything and free all resources!
 */
static void ossl_close_all(struct Curl_easy *data)
{
#ifdef USE_OPENSSL_ENGINE
  if(data->state.engine) {
    ENGINE_finish(data->state.engine);
    ENGINE_free(data->state.engine);
    data->state.engine = NULL;
  }
#else
  (void)data;
#endif
#ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_PROVIDERS
  ossl_provider_cleanup(data);
#endif
}

/* ====================================================== */

/* Quote from RFC2818 section 3.1 "Server Identity"

   If a subjectAltName extension of type dNSName is present, that MUST
   be used as the identity. Otherwise, the (most specific) Common Name
   field in the Subject field of the certificate MUST be used. Although
   the use of the Common Name is existing practice, it is deprecated and
   Certification Authorities are encouraged to use the dNSName instead.

   Matching is performed using the matching rules specified by
   [RFC2459]. If more than one identity of a given type is present in
   the certificate (e.g., more than one dNSName name, a match in any one
   of the set is considered acceptable.) Names may contain the wildcard
   character * which is considered to match any single domain name
   component or component fragment. E.g., *.a.com matches foo.a.com but
   not bar.foo.a.com. f*.com matches foo.com but not bar.com.

   In some cases, the URI is specified as an IP address rather than a
   hostname. In this case, the iPAddress subjectAltName must be present
   in the certificate and must exactly match the IP in the URI.

   This function is now used from ngtcp2 (QUIC) as well.
*/
static CURLcode ossl_verifyhost(struct Curl_easy *data,
                                struct connectdata *conn,
                                struct ssl_peer *peer,
                                X509 *server_cert)
{
  bool matched = FALSE;
  int target; /* target type, GEN_DNS or GEN_IPADD */
  size_t addrlen = 0;
  STACK_OF(GENERAL_NAME) *altnames;
#ifdef USE_IPV6
  struct in6_addr addr;
#else
  struct in_addr addr;
#endif
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  bool dNSName = FALSE; /* if a dNSName field exists in the cert */
  bool iPAddress = FALSE; /* if an iPAddress field exists in the cert */
  size_t hostlen = strlen(peer->hostname);

  (void)conn;
  switch(peer->type) {
  case CURL_SSL_PEER_IPV4:
    if(!curlx_inet_pton(AF_INET, peer->hostname, &addr))
      return CURLE_PEER_FAILED_VERIFICATION;
    target = GEN_IPADD;
    addrlen = sizeof(struct in_addr);
    break;
#ifdef USE_IPV6
  case CURL_SSL_PEER_IPV6:
    if(!curlx_inet_pton(AF_INET6, peer->hostname, &addr))
      return CURLE_PEER_FAILED_VERIFICATION;
    target = GEN_IPADD;
    addrlen = sizeof(struct in6_addr);
    break;
#endif
  case CURL_SSL_PEER_DNS:
    target = GEN_DNS;
    break;
  default:
    DEBUGASSERT(0);
    failf(data, "unexpected ssl peer type: %d", peer->type);
    return CURLE_PEER_FAILED_VERIFICATION;
  }

  /* get a "list" of alternative names */
  altnames = X509_get_ext_d2i(server_cert, NID_subject_alt_name, NULL, NULL);

  if(altnames) {
#ifdef HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE
    size_t numalts;
    size_t i;
#else
    int numalts;
    int i;
#endif

    /* get amount of alternatives, RFC2459 claims there MUST be at least
       one, but we do not depend on it... */
    numalts = sk_GENERAL_NAME_num(altnames);

    /* loop through all alternatives - until a dnsmatch */
    for(i = 0; (i < numalts) && !matched; i++) {
      /* get a handle to alternative name number i */
      const GENERAL_NAME *check = sk_GENERAL_NAME_value(altnames, i);

      if(check->type == GEN_DNS)
        dNSName = TRUE;
      else if(check->type == GEN_IPADD)
        iPAddress = TRUE;

      /* only check alternatives of the same type the target is */
      if(check->type == target) {
        /* get data and length */
        const char *altptr = (const char *)ASN1_STRING_get0_data(check->d.ia5);
        size_t altlen = (size_t)ASN1_STRING_length(check->d.ia5);

        switch(target) {
        case GEN_DNS: /* name/pattern comparison */
          /* The OpenSSL man page explicitly says: "In general it cannot be
             assumed that the data returned by ASN1_STRING_data() is null
             terminated or does not contain embedded nulls." But also that
             "The actual format of the data will depend on the actual string
             type itself: for example for an IA5String the data will be ASCII"

             It has been however verified that in 0.9.6 and 0.9.7, IA5String
             is always null-terminated.
          */
          if((altlen == strlen(altptr)) &&
             /* if this is not true, there was an embedded zero in the name
                string and we cannot match it. */
             Curl_cert_hostcheck(altptr, altlen, peer->hostname, hostlen)) {
            matched = TRUE;
            infof(data, "  subjectAltName: \"%s\" matches cert's \"%.*s\"",
                  peer->dispname, (int)altlen, altptr);
          }
          break;

        case GEN_IPADD: /* IP address comparison */
          /* compare alternative IP address if the data chunk is the same size
             our server IP address is */
          if((altlen == addrlen) && !memcmp(altptr, &addr, altlen)) {
            matched = TRUE;
            infof(data, "  subjectAltName: \"%s\" matches cert's IP address!",
                  peer->dispname);
          }
          break;
        }
      }
    }
    GENERAL_NAMES_free(altnames);
  }

  if(matched)
    /* an alternative name matched */
    ;
  else if(dNSName || iPAddress) {
    const char *tname = (peer->type == CURL_SSL_PEER_DNS) ? "hostname" :
                        (peer->type == CURL_SSL_PEER_IPV4) ?
                        "ipv4 address" : "ipv6 address";
    infof(data, " subjectAltName does not match %s %s", tname, peer->dispname);
    failf(data, "SSL: no alternative certificate subject name matches "
          "target %s '%s'", tname, peer->dispname);
    result = CURLE_PEER_FAILED_VERIFICATION;
  }
  else {
    /* we have to look to the last occurrence of a commonName in the
       distinguished one to get the most significant one. */
    int i = -1;
    unsigned char *cn = NULL;
    int cnlen = 0;
    bool free_cn = FALSE;

    /* The following is done because of a bug in 0.9.6b */
    X509_NAME *name = X509_get_subject_name(server_cert);
    if(name) {
      int j;
      while((j = X509_NAME_get_index_by_NID(name, NID_commonName, i)) >= 0)
        i = j;
    }

    /* we have the name entry and we will now convert this to a string
       that we can use for comparison. Doing this we support BMPstring,
       UTF8, etc. */

    if(i >= 0) {
      ASN1_STRING *tmp =
        X509_NAME_ENTRY_get_data(X509_NAME_get_entry(name, i));

      /* In OpenSSL 0.9.7d and earlier, ASN1_STRING_to_UTF8 fails if the input
         is already UTF-8 encoded. We check for this case and copy the raw
         string manually to avoid the problem. This code can be made
         conditional in the future when OpenSSL has been fixed. */
      if(tmp) {
        if(ASN1_STRING_type(tmp) == V_ASN1_UTF8STRING) {
          cnlen = ASN1_STRING_length(tmp);
          cn = (unsigned char *)CURL_UNCONST(ASN1_STRING_get0_data(tmp));
        }
        else { /* not a UTF8 name */
          cnlen = ASN1_STRING_to_UTF8(&cn, tmp);
          free_cn = TRUE;
        }

        if((cnlen <= 0) || !cn)
          result = CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
        else if((size_t)cnlen != strlen((char *)cn)) {
          /* there was a terminating zero before the end of string, this
             cannot match and we return failure! */
          failf(data, "SSL: illegal cert name field");
          result = CURLE_PEER_FAILED_VERIFICATION;
        }
      }
    }

    if(result)
      /* error already detected, pass through */
      ;
    else if(!cn) {
      failf(data, "SSL: unable to obtain common name from peer certificate");
      result = CURLE_PEER_FAILED_VERIFICATION;
    }
    else if(!Curl_cert_hostcheck((const char *)cn, cnlen,
                                 peer->hostname, hostlen)) {
      failf(data, "SSL: certificate subject name '%s' does not match "
            "target hostname '%s'", cn, peer->dispname);
      result = CURLE_PEER_FAILED_VERIFICATION;
    }
    else {
      infof(data, " common name: %s (matched)", cn);
    }
    if(free_cn)
      OPENSSL_free(cn);
  }

  return result;
}

#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_TLSEXT) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_OCSP)
static CURLcode verifystatus(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                             struct Curl_easy *data,
                             struct ossl_ctx *octx)
{
  int i, ocsp_status;
#ifdef HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE
  const uint8_t *status;
#else
  unsigned char *status;
#endif
  const unsigned char *p;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  OCSP_RESPONSE *rsp = NULL;
  OCSP_BASICRESP *br = NULL;
  X509_STORE     *st = NULL;
  STACK_OF(X509) *ch = NULL;
  X509 *cert;
  OCSP_CERTID *id = NULL;
  int cert_status, crl_reason;
  ASN1_GENERALIZEDTIME *rev, *thisupd, *nextupd;
  int ret;
  long len;

  (void)cf;
  DEBUGASSERT(octx);

  len = (long)SSL_get_tlsext_status_ocsp_resp(octx->ssl, &status);

  if(!status) {
    failf(data, "No OCSP response received");
    result = CURLE_SSL_INVALIDCERTSTATUS;
    goto end;
  }
  p = status;
  rsp = d2i_OCSP_RESPONSE(NULL, &p, len);
  if(!rsp) {
    failf(data, "Invalid OCSP response");
    result = CURLE_SSL_INVALIDCERTSTATUS;
    goto end;
  }

  ocsp_status = OCSP_response_status(rsp);
  if(ocsp_status != OCSP_RESPONSE_STATUS_SUCCESSFUL) {
    failf(data, "Invalid OCSP response status: %s (%d)",
          OCSP_response_status_str(ocsp_status), ocsp_status);
    result = CURLE_SSL_INVALIDCERTSTATUS;
    goto end;
  }

  br = OCSP_response_get1_basic(rsp);
  if(!br) {
    failf(data, "Invalid OCSP response");
    result = CURLE_SSL_INVALIDCERTSTATUS;
    goto end;
  }

  ch = SSL_get_peer_cert_chain(octx->ssl);
  if(!ch) {
    failf(data, "Could not get peer certificate chain");
    result = CURLE_SSL_INVALIDCERTSTATUS;
    goto end;
  }
  st = SSL_CTX_get_cert_store(octx->ssl_ctx);

  if(OCSP_basic_verify(br, ch, st, 0) <= 0) {
    failf(data, "OCSP response verification failed");
    result = CURLE_SSL_INVALIDCERTSTATUS;
    goto end;
  }

  /* Compute the certificate's ID */
  cert = SSL_get1_peer_certificate(octx->ssl);
  if(!cert) {
    failf(data, "Error getting peer certificate");
    result = CURLE_SSL_INVALIDCERTSTATUS;
    goto end;
  }

  for(i = 0; i < (int)sk_X509_num(ch); i++) {
    X509 *issuer = sk_X509_value(ch, (ossl_valsize_t)i);
    if(X509_check_issued(issuer, cert) == X509_V_OK) {
      /* Note to analysis tools: using SHA1 here is fine. The `id`
       * generated is used as a hash lookup key, not as a verifier
       * of the OCSP data itself. This all according to RFC 5019. */
      id = OCSP_cert_to_id(EVP_sha1(), cert, issuer);
      break;
    }
  }
  X509_free(cert);

  if(!id) {
    failf(data, "Error computing OCSP ID");
    result = CURLE_SSL_INVALIDCERTSTATUS;
    goto end;
  }

  /* Find the single OCSP response corresponding to the certificate ID */
  ret = OCSP_resp_find_status(br, id, &cert_status, &crl_reason, &rev,
                              &thisupd, &nextupd);
  OCSP_CERTID_free(id);
  if(ret != 1) {
    failf(data, "Could not find certificate ID in OCSP response");
    result = CURLE_SSL_INVALIDCERTSTATUS;
    goto end;
  }

  /* Validate the OCSP response issuing and update times.
   * - `thisupd` is the time the OCSP response was issued
   * - `nextupd` is the time the OCSP response should be updated
   *    (valid life time assigned by the OCSP responder)
   * - 3rd param: how many seconds of clock skew we allow between
   *   our clock and the instance that issued the OCSP response
   * - 4th param: how many seconds in the past `thisupd` may be, with
   *   -1 meaning there is no limit. */
  if(!OCSP_check_validity(thisupd, nextupd, 300L, -1L)) {
    failf(data, "OCSP response has expired");
    result = CURLE_SSL_INVALIDCERTSTATUS;
    goto end;
  }

  infof(data, "SSL certificate status: %s (%d)",
        OCSP_cert_status_str(cert_status), cert_status);

  switch(cert_status) {
  case V_OCSP_CERTSTATUS_GOOD:
    break;

  case V_OCSP_CERTSTATUS_REVOKED:
    result = CURLE_SSL_INVALIDCERTSTATUS;
    failf(data, "SSL certificate revocation reason: %s (%d)",
          OCSP_crl_reason_str(crl_reason), crl_reason);
    goto end;

  case V_OCSP_CERTSTATUS_UNKNOWN:
  default:
    result = CURLE_SSL_INVALIDCERTSTATUS;
    goto end;
  }

end:
  if(br)
    OCSP_BASICRESP_free(br);
  OCSP_RESPONSE_free(rsp);

  return result;
}
#endif

static const char *ssl_msg_type(int ssl_ver, int msg)
{
#ifdef SSL2_VERSION_MAJOR  /* OpenSSL 1.0.2, LibreSSL <=3.9.2 */
  if(ssl_ver == SSL2_VERSION_MAJOR) {
    switch(msg) {
    case SSL2_MT_ERROR:
      return "Error";
    case SSL2_MT_CLIENT_HELLO:
      return "Client hello";
    case SSL2_MT_CLIENT_MASTER_KEY:
      return "Client key";
    case SSL2_MT_CLIENT_FINISHED:
      return "Client finished";
    case SSL2_MT_SERVER_HELLO:
      return "Server hello";
    case SSL2_MT_SERVER_VERIFY:
      return "Server verify";
    case SSL2_MT_SERVER_FINISHED:
      return "Server finished";
    case SSL2_MT_REQUEST_CERTIFICATE:
      return "Request CERT";
    case SSL2_MT_CLIENT_CERTIFICATE:
      return "Client CERT";
    }
  }
  else
#endif
  if(ssl_ver == SSL3_VERSION_MAJOR) {
    switch(msg) {
    case SSL3_MT_HELLO_REQUEST:
      return "Hello request";
    case SSL3_MT_CLIENT_HELLO:
      return "Client hello";
    case SSL3_MT_SERVER_HELLO:
      return "Server hello";
#ifdef SSL3_MT_NEWSESSION_TICKET
    case SSL3_MT_NEWSESSION_TICKET:
      return "Newsession Ticket";
#endif
    case SSL3_MT_CERTIFICATE:
      return "Certificate";
    case SSL3_MT_SERVER_KEY_EXCHANGE:
      return "Server key exchange";
    case SSL3_MT_CLIENT_KEY_EXCHANGE:
      return "Client key exchange";
    case SSL3_MT_CERTIFICATE_REQUEST:
      return "Request CERT";
    case SSL3_MT_SERVER_DONE:
      return "Server finished";
    case SSL3_MT_CERTIFICATE_VERIFY:
      return "CERT verify";
    case SSL3_MT_FINISHED:
      return "Finished";
#ifdef SSL3_MT_CERTIFICATE_STATUS
    case SSL3_MT_CERTIFICATE_STATUS:
      return "Certificate Status";
#endif
#ifdef SSL3_MT_ENCRYPTED_EXTENSIONS
    case SSL3_MT_ENCRYPTED_EXTENSIONS:
      return "Encrypted Extensions";
#endif
#ifdef SSL3_MT_SUPPLEMENTAL_DATA
    case SSL3_MT_SUPPLEMENTAL_DATA:
      return "Supplemental data";
#endif
#ifdef SSL3_MT_END_OF_EARLY_DATA
    case SSL3_MT_END_OF_EARLY_DATA:
      return "End of early data";
#endif
#ifdef SSL3_MT_KEY_UPDATE
    case SSL3_MT_KEY_UPDATE:
      return "Key update";
#endif
#ifdef SSL3_MT_NEXT_PROTO
    case SSL3_MT_NEXT_PROTO:
      return "Next protocol";
#endif
#ifdef SSL3_MT_MESSAGE_HASH
    case SSL3_MT_MESSAGE_HASH:
      return "Message hash";
#endif
    }
  }
  return "Unknown";
}

static const char *tls_rt_type(int type)
{
  switch(type) {
#ifdef SSL3_RT_HEADER
  case SSL3_RT_HEADER:
    return "TLS header";
#endif
  case SSL3_RT_CHANGE_CIPHER_SPEC:
    return "TLS change cipher";
  case SSL3_RT_ALERT:
    return "TLS alert";
  case SSL3_RT_HANDSHAKE:
    return "TLS handshake";
  case SSL3_RT_APPLICATION_DATA:
    return "TLS app data";
  default:
    return "TLS Unknown";
  }
}

/*
 * Our callback from the SSL/TLS layers.
 */
static void ossl_trace(int direction, int ssl_ver, int content_type,
                       const void *buf, size_t len, SSL *ssl,
                       void *userp)
{
  const char *verstr;
  struct Curl_cfilter *cf = userp;
  struct Curl_easy *data = NULL;
  char unknown[32];

  if(!cf)
    return;
  data = CF_DATA_CURRENT(cf);
  if(!data || !data->set.fdebug || (direction && direction != 1))
    return;

  switch(ssl_ver) {
#ifdef SSL2_VERSION /* removed in recent versions */
  case SSL2_VERSION:
    verstr = "SSLv2";
    break;
#endif
#ifdef SSL3_VERSION
  case SSL3_VERSION:
    verstr = "SSLv3";
    break;
#endif
  case TLS1_VERSION:
    verstr = "TLSv1.0";
    break;
#ifdef TLS1_1_VERSION
  case TLS1_1_VERSION:
    verstr = "TLSv1.1";
    break;
#endif
#ifdef TLS1_2_VERSION
  case TLS1_2_VERSION:
    verstr = "TLSv1.2";
    break;
#endif
  case TLS1_3_VERSION:
    verstr = "TLSv1.3";
    break;
  default:
    curl_msnprintf(unknown, sizeof(unknown), "(%x)", ssl_ver);
    verstr = unknown;
    break;
  }

  /* Log progress for interesting records only (like Handshake or Alert), skip
   * all raw record headers (content_type == SSL3_RT_HEADER or ssl_ver == 0).
   * For TLS 1.3, skip notification of the decrypted inner Content-Type.
   */
  if(ssl_ver
#ifdef SSL3_RT_HEADER
     && content_type != SSL3_RT_HEADER
#endif
#ifdef SSL3_RT_INNER_CONTENT_TYPE
     && content_type != SSL3_RT_INNER_CONTENT_TYPE
#endif
    ) {
    const char *msg_name, *tls_rt_name;
    char ssl_buf[1024];
    int msg_type, txt_len;

    /* the info given when the version is zero is not that useful for us */

    ssl_ver >>= 8; /* check the upper 8 bits only below */

    /* SSLv2 does not seem to have TLS record-type headers, so OpenSSL
     * always pass-up content-type as 0. But the interesting message-type
     * is at 'buf[0]'.
     */
    if(ssl_ver == SSL3_VERSION_MAJOR && content_type)
      tls_rt_name = tls_rt_type(content_type);
    else
      tls_rt_name = "";

    if(content_type == SSL3_RT_CHANGE_CIPHER_SPEC) {
      msg_type = *(const char *)buf;
      msg_name = "Change cipher spec";
    }
    else if(content_type == SSL3_RT_ALERT) {
      msg_type = (((const char *)buf)[0] << 8) + ((const char *)buf)[1];
      msg_name = SSL_alert_desc_string_long(msg_type);
    }
    else {
      msg_type = *(const char *)buf;
      msg_name = ssl_msg_type(ssl_ver, msg_type);
    }

    txt_len = curl_msnprintf(ssl_buf, sizeof(ssl_buf),
                             "%s (%s), %s, %s (%d):\n",
                             verstr, direction ? "OUT" : "IN",
                             tls_rt_name, msg_name, msg_type);
    Curl_debug(data, CURLINFO_TEXT, ssl_buf, (size_t)txt_len);
  }

  Curl_debug(data, (direction == 1) ? CURLINFO_SSL_DATA_OUT :
             CURLINFO_SSL_DATA_IN, (const char *)buf, len);
  (void)ssl;
}

/* Check for ALPN support. */
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_TLSEXT
#  define HAS_ALPN_OPENSSL
#endif

static CURLcode
ossl_set_ssl_version_min_max(struct Curl_cfilter *cf, SSL_CTX *ctx,
                             unsigned int ssl_version_min)
{
  struct ssl_primary_config *conn_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_primary_config(cf);
  /* first, TLS min version... */
  long curl_ssl_version_min = (long)ssl_version_min;
  long curl_ssl_version_max;

  /* convert curl min SSL version option to OpenSSL constant */
#if defined(HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE) || defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
  uint16_t ossl_ssl_version_min = 0;
  uint16_t ossl_ssl_version_max = 0;
#else
  long ossl_ssl_version_min = 0;
  long ossl_ssl_version_max = 0;
#endif
  /* it cannot be default here */
  DEBUGASSERT(curl_ssl_version_min != CURL_SSLVERSION_DEFAULT);
  switch(curl_ssl_version_min) {
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1: /* TLS 1.x */
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_0:
    ossl_ssl_version_min = TLS1_VERSION;
    break;
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_1:
    ossl_ssl_version_min = TLS1_1_VERSION;
    break;
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_2:
    ossl_ssl_version_min = TLS1_2_VERSION;
    break;
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_3:
    ossl_ssl_version_min = TLS1_3_VERSION;
    break;
  }

  /* ... then, TLS max version */
  curl_ssl_version_max = (long)conn_config->version_max;

  /* convert curl max SSL version option to OpenSSL constant */
  switch(curl_ssl_version_max) {
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_TLSv1_0:
    ossl_ssl_version_max = TLS1_VERSION;
    break;
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_TLSv1_1:
    ossl_ssl_version_max = TLS1_1_VERSION;
    break;
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_TLSv1_2:
    ossl_ssl_version_max = TLS1_2_VERSION;
    break;
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_TLSv1_3:
    ossl_ssl_version_max = TLS1_3_VERSION;
    break;
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_NONE:  /* none selected */
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_DEFAULT:  /* max selected */
  default:
    /* SSL_CTX_set_max_proto_version states that: setting the maximum to 0
       will enable protocol versions up to the highest version supported by
       the library */
    ossl_ssl_version_max = 0;
    break;
  }

  if(!SSL_CTX_set_min_proto_version(ctx, ossl_ssl_version_min) ||
     !SSL_CTX_set_max_proto_version(ctx, ossl_ssl_version_max))
    return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;

  return CURLE_OK;
}

#ifdef HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE
typedef uint32_t ctx_option_t;
#elif defined(HAVE_OPENSSL3)
typedef uint64_t ctx_option_t;
#elif defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER)
typedef long ctx_option_t;
#else
typedef unsigned long ctx_option_t;
#endif

CURLcode Curl_ossl_add_session(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                               struct Curl_easy *data,
                               const char *ssl_peer_key,
                               SSL_SESSION *session,
                               int ietf_tls_id,
                               const char *alpn,
                               unsigned char *quic_tp,
                               size_t quic_tp_len)
{
  unsigned char *der_session_buf = NULL;
  unsigned char *qtp_clone = NULL;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;

  if(!cf || !data)
    goto out;

  if(Curl_ssl_scache_use(cf, data)) {
    struct Curl_ssl_session *sc_session = NULL;
    size_t der_session_size;
    unsigned char *der_session_ptr;
    size_t earlydata_max = 0;

    der_session_size = i2d_SSL_SESSION(session, NULL);
    if(der_session_size == 0) {
      result = CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
      goto out;
    }

    der_session_buf = der_session_ptr = curlx_malloc(der_session_size);
    if(!der_session_buf) {
      result = CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
      goto out;
    }

    der_session_size = i2d_SSL_SESSION(session, &der_session_ptr);
    if(der_session_size == 0) {
      result = CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
      goto out;
    }

#ifdef HAVE_OPENSSL_EARLYDATA
    earlydata_max = SSL_SESSION_get_max_early_data(session);
#endif
    if(quic_tp && quic_tp_len) {
      qtp_clone = Curl_memdup0((char *)quic_tp, quic_tp_len);
      if(!qtp_clone) {
        result = CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
        goto out;
      }
    }

    result = Curl_ssl_session_create2(der_session_buf, der_session_size,
                                      ietf_tls_id, alpn,
                                      (curl_off_t)time(NULL) +
                                      SSL_SESSION_get_timeout(session),
                                      earlydata_max, qtp_clone, quic_tp_len,
                                      &sc_session);
    der_session_buf = NULL;  /* took ownership of sdata */
    if(!result) {
      result = Curl_ssl_scache_put(cf, data, ssl_peer_key, sc_session);
      /* took ownership of `sc_session` */
    }
  }

out:
  curlx_free(der_session_buf);
  return result;
}

/* The "new session" callback must return zero if the session can be removed
 * or non-zero if the session has been put into the session cache.
 */
static int ossl_new_session_cb(SSL *ssl, SSL_SESSION *ssl_sessionid)
{
  struct Curl_cfilter *cf = (struct Curl_cfilter *)SSL_get_app_data(ssl);
  if(cf) {
    struct Curl_easy *data = CF_DATA_CURRENT(cf);
    struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;
    Curl_ossl_add_session(cf, data, connssl->peer.scache_key, ssl_sessionid,
                          SSL_version(ssl), connssl->negotiated.alpn,
                          NULL, 0);
  }
  return 0;
}

static CURLcode load_cacert_from_memory(X509_STORE *store,
                                        const struct curl_blob *ca_info_blob)
{
  /* these need to be freed at the end */
  BIO *cbio = NULL;
  STACK_OF(X509_INFO) *inf = NULL;

  /* everything else is just a reference */
  int i, count = 0;
  X509_INFO *itmp = NULL;

  if(ca_info_blob->len > (size_t)INT_MAX)
    return CURLE_SSL_CACERT_BADFILE;

  cbio = BIO_new_mem_buf(ca_info_blob->data, (int)ca_info_blob->len);
  if(!cbio)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;

  inf = PEM_X509_INFO_read_bio(cbio, NULL, NULL, NULL);
  if(!inf) {
    BIO_free(cbio);
    return CURLE_SSL_CACERT_BADFILE;
  }

  /* add each entry from PEM file to x509_store */
  for(i = 0; i < (int)sk_X509_INFO_num(inf); ++i) {
    itmp = sk_X509_INFO_value(inf, (ossl_valsize_t)i);
    if(itmp->x509) {
      if(X509_STORE_add_cert(store, itmp->x509)) {
        ++count;
      }
      else {
        /* set count to 0 to return an error */
        count = 0;
        break;
      }
    }
    if(itmp->crl) {
      if(X509_STORE_add_crl(store, itmp->crl)) {
        ++count;
      }
      else {
        /* set count to 0 to return an error */
        count = 0;
        break;
      }
    }
  }

#if defined(__clang__) && __clang_major__ >= 16
#pragma clang diagnostic push
#pragma clang diagnostic ignored "-Wcast-function-type-strict"
#endif
  sk_X509_INFO_pop_free(inf, X509_INFO_free);
#if defined(__clang__) && __clang_major__ >= 16
#pragma clang diagnostic pop
#endif
  BIO_free(cbio);

  /* if we did not end up importing anything, treat that as an error */
  return (count > 0) ? CURLE_OK : CURLE_SSL_CACERT_BADFILE;
}

#ifdef USE_WIN32_CRYPTO
static CURLcode ossl_win_load_store(struct Curl_easy *data,
                                    const char *win_store,
                                    X509_STORE *store,
                                    bool *padded)
{
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  HCERTSTORE hStore;

  *padded = FALSE;

  hStore = CertOpenSystemStoreA(0, win_store);
  if(hStore) {
    PCCERT_CONTEXT pContext = NULL;
    /* The array of enhanced key usage OIDs will vary per certificate and
       is declared outside of the loop so that rather than malloc/free each
       iteration we can grow it with realloc, when necessary. */
    CERT_ENHKEY_USAGE *enhkey_usage = NULL;
    DWORD enhkey_usage_size = 0;

    /* This loop makes a best effort to import all valid certificates from
       the MS root store. If a certificate cannot be imported it is
       skipped. 'result' is used to store only hard-fail conditions (such
       as out of memory) that cause an early break. */
    result = CURLE_OK;
    for(;;) {
      X509 *x509;
      FILETIME now;
      BYTE key_usage[2];
      DWORD req_size;
      const unsigned char *encoded_cert;
      pContext = CertEnumCertificatesInStore(hStore, pContext);
      if(!pContext)
        break;

#if defined(DEBUGBUILD) && !defined(CURL_DISABLE_VERBOSE_STRINGS)
      else {
        char cert_name[256];
        if(!CertGetNameStringA(pContext, CERT_NAME_SIMPLE_DISPLAY_TYPE, 0,
                               NULL, cert_name, sizeof(cert_name)))
          infof(data, "SSL: unknown cert name");
        else
          infof(data, "SSL: Checking cert \"%s\"", cert_name);
      }
#endif
      encoded_cert = (const unsigned char *)pContext->pbCertEncoded;
      if(!encoded_cert)
        continue;

      GetSystemTimeAsFileTime(&now);
      if(CompareFileTime(&pContext->pCertInfo->NotBefore, &now) > 0 ||
         CompareFileTime(&now, &pContext->pCertInfo->NotAfter) > 0)
        continue;

      /* If key usage exists check for signing attribute */
      if(CertGetIntendedKeyUsage(pContext->dwCertEncodingType,
                                 pContext->pCertInfo,
                                 key_usage, sizeof(key_usage))) {
        if(!(key_usage[0] & CERT_KEY_CERT_SIGN_KEY_USAGE))
          continue;
      }
      else if(GetLastError())
        continue;

      /* If enhanced key usage exists check for server auth attribute.
       *
       * Note "In a Microsoft environment, a certificate might also have
       * EKU extended properties that specify valid uses for the
       * certificate."  The call below checks both, and behavior varies
       * depending on what is found. For more details see
       * CertGetEnhancedKeyUsage doc.
       */
      if(CertGetEnhancedKeyUsage(pContext, 0, NULL, &req_size)) {
        if(req_size && req_size > enhkey_usage_size) {
          void *tmp = curlx_realloc(enhkey_usage, req_size);

          if(!tmp) {
            failf(data, "SSL: Out of memory allocating for OID list");
            result = CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
            break;
          }

          enhkey_usage = (CERT_ENHKEY_USAGE *)tmp;
          enhkey_usage_size = req_size;
        }

        if(CertGetEnhancedKeyUsage(pContext, 0, enhkey_usage, &req_size)) {
          if(!enhkey_usage->cUsageIdentifier) {
            /* "If GetLastError returns CRYPT_E_NOT_FOUND, the certificate
               is good for all uses. If it returns zero, the certificate
               has no valid uses." */
            if((HRESULT)GetLastError() != CRYPT_E_NOT_FOUND)
              continue;
          }
          else {
            DWORD i;
            bool found = FALSE;

            for(i = 0; i < enhkey_usage->cUsageIdentifier; ++i) {
              if(!strcmp("1.3.6.1.5.5.7.3.1" /* OID server auth */,
                         enhkey_usage->rgpszUsageIdentifier[i])) {
                found = TRUE;
                break;
              }
            }

            if(!found)
              continue;
          }
        }
        else
          continue;
      }
      else
        continue;

      x509 = d2i_X509(NULL, &encoded_cert, (long)pContext->cbCertEncoded);
      if(!x509)
        continue;

      /* Try to import the certificate. This may fail for legitimate reasons
         such as duplicate certificate, which is allowed by MS but not
         OpenSSL. */
      if(X509_STORE_add_cert(store, x509) == 1) {
#if defined(DEBUGBUILD) && !defined(CURL_DISABLE_VERBOSE_STRINGS)
        infof(data, "SSL: Imported cert");
#endif
        *padded = TRUE;
      }
      X509_free(x509);
    }

    curlx_free(enhkey_usage);
    CertFreeCertificateContext(pContext);
    CertCloseStore(hStore, 0);

    if(result)
      return result;
  }

  return result;
}

static CURLcode ossl_windows_load_anchors(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                          struct Curl_easy *data,
                                          X509_STORE *store,
                                          bool *padded)
{
  /* Import certificates from the Windows root certificate store if
     requested.
     https://stackoverflow.com/questions/9507184/
     https://github.com/d3x0r/SACK/blob/master/src/netlib/ssl_layer.c#L1037
     https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5280 */
  const char *win_stores[] = {
    "ROOT",   /* Trusted Root Certification Authorities */
    "CA"      /* Intermediate Certification Authorities */
  };
  size_t i;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;

  *padded = FALSE;
  for(i = 0; i < CURL_ARRAYSIZE(win_stores); ++i) {
    bool store_added = FALSE;
    result = ossl_win_load_store(data, win_stores[i], store, &store_added);
    if(result)
      return result;
    if(store_added) {
      CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "added trust anchors from Windows %s store",
                  win_stores[i]);
      *padded = TRUE;
    }
    else
      infof(data, "error importing Windows %s store, continuing anyway",
            win_stores[i]);
  }
  return result;
}

#endif /* USE_WIN32_CRYPTO */

static CURLcode ossl_load_trust_anchors(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                        struct Curl_easy *data,
                                        struct ossl_ctx *octx,
                                        X509_STORE *store)
{
  struct ssl_primary_config *conn_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_primary_config(cf);
  struct ssl_config_data *ssl_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_config(cf, data);
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  const char * const ssl_cafile =
    /* CURLOPT_CAINFO_BLOB overrides CURLOPT_CAINFO */
    (conn_config->ca_info_blob ? NULL : conn_config->CAfile);
  const char * const ssl_capath = conn_config->CApath;
  bool have_native_check = FALSE;

  octx->store_is_empty = TRUE;
  if(ssl_config->native_ca_store) {
#ifdef USE_WIN32_CRYPTO
    bool added = FALSE;
    result = ossl_windows_load_anchors(cf, data, store, &added);
    if(result)
      return result;
    if(added) {
      infof(data, "  Native: Windows System Stores ROOT+CA");
      octx->store_is_empty = FALSE;
    }
#elif defined(USE_APPLE_SECTRUST)
    infof(data, "  Native: Apple SecTrust");
    have_native_check = TRUE;
#endif
  }

  if(conn_config->ca_info_blob) {
    result = load_cacert_from_memory(store, conn_config->ca_info_blob);
    if(result) {
      failf(data, "error adding trust anchors from certificate blob: %d",
            result);
      return result;
    }
    infof(data, "  CA Blob from configuration");
    octx->store_is_empty = FALSE;
  }

  if(ssl_cafile || ssl_capath) {
#ifdef HAVE_OPENSSL3
    /* OpenSSL 3.0.0 has deprecated SSL_CTX_load_verify_locations */
    if(ssl_cafile) {
      if(!X509_STORE_load_file(store, ssl_cafile)) {
        if(octx->store_is_empty && !have_native_check) {
          /* Fail if we insist on successfully verifying the server. */
          failf(data, "error adding trust anchors from file: %s", ssl_cafile);
          return CURLE_SSL_CACERT_BADFILE;
        }
        else
          infof(data, "error setting certificate file, continuing anyway");
      }
      infof(data, "  CAfile: %s", ssl_cafile);
      octx->store_is_empty = FALSE;
    }
    if(ssl_capath) {
      if(!X509_STORE_load_path(store, ssl_capath)) {
        if(octx->store_is_empty && !have_native_check) {
          /* Fail if we insist on successfully verifying the server. */
          failf(data, "error adding trust anchors from path: %s", ssl_capath);
          return CURLE_SSL_CACERT_BADFILE;
        }
        else
          infof(data, "error setting certificate path, continuing anyway");
      }
      infof(data, "  CApath: %s", ssl_capath);
      octx->store_is_empty = FALSE;
    }
#else
    /* tell OpenSSL where to find CA certificates that are used to verify the
       server's certificate. */
    if(!X509_STORE_load_locations(store, ssl_cafile, ssl_capath)) {
      if(octx->store_is_empty && !have_native_check) {
        /* Fail if we insist on successfully verifying the server. */
        failf(data, "error adding trust anchors from locations:"
              "  CAfile: %s CApath: %s",
              ssl_cafile ? ssl_cafile : "none",
              ssl_capath ? ssl_capath : "none");
        return CURLE_SSL_CACERT_BADFILE;
      }
      else {
        infof(data, "error setting certificate verify locations,"
              " continuing anyway");
      }
    }
    if(ssl_cafile)
      infof(data, "  CAfile: %s", ssl_cafile);
    if(ssl_capath)
      infof(data, "  CApath: %s", ssl_capath);
    octx->store_is_empty = FALSE;
#endif
  }

#ifdef CURL_CA_FALLBACK
  if(octx->store_is_empty) {
    /* verifying the peer without any CA certificates will not
       work so use OpenSSL's built-in default as fallback */
    X509_STORE_set_default_paths(store);
    infof(data, "  OpenSSL default paths (fallback)");
    octx->store_is_empty = FALSE;
  }
#endif
  if(octx->store_is_empty && !have_native_check)
    infof(data, "  no trust anchors configured");

  return result;
}

static CURLcode ossl_populate_x509_store(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                         struct Curl_easy *data,
                                         struct ossl_ctx *octx,
                                         X509_STORE *store)
{
  struct ssl_primary_config *conn_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_primary_config(cf);
  struct ssl_config_data *ssl_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_config(cf, data);
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  X509_LOOKUP *lookup = NULL;
  const char * const ssl_crlfile = ssl_config->primary.CRLfile;
  unsigned long x509flags = 0;

  CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "configuring OpenSSL's x509 trust store");
  if(!store)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;

  if(!conn_config->verifypeer) {
    infof(data, "SSL Trust: peer verification disabled");
    return CURLE_OK;
  }

  infof(data, "SSL Trust Anchors:");
  result = ossl_load_trust_anchors(cf, data, octx, store);
  if(result)
    return result;

  /* Does not make sense to load a CRL file without peer verification */
  if(ssl_crlfile) {
    /* tell OpenSSL where to find CRL file that is used to check certificate
     * revocation */
    lookup = X509_STORE_add_lookup(store, X509_LOOKUP_file());
    if(!lookup ||
       (!X509_load_crl_file(lookup, ssl_crlfile, X509_FILETYPE_PEM)) ) {
      failf(data, "error loading CRL file: %s", ssl_crlfile);
      return CURLE_SSL_CRL_BADFILE;
    }
    x509flags = X509_V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK | X509_V_FLAG_CRL_CHECK_ALL;
    infof(data, " CRLfile: %s", ssl_crlfile);
  }

  /* Try building a chain using issuers in the trusted store first to avoid
     problems with server-sent legacy intermediates. Newer versions of
     OpenSSL do alternate chain checking by default but we do not know how to
     determine that in a reliable manner.
     https://web.archive.org/web/20190422050538/rt.openssl.org/Ticket/Display.html?id=3621
  */
  x509flags |= X509_V_FLAG_TRUSTED_FIRST;

  if(!ssl_config->no_partialchain && !ssl_crlfile) {
    /* Have intermediate certificates in the trust store be treated as
       trust-anchors, in the same way as self-signed root CA certificates are.
       This allows users to verify servers using the intermediate cert only,
       instead of needing the whole chain.

       Due to OpenSSL bug https://github.com/openssl/openssl/issues/5081 we
       cannot do partial chains with a CRL check.
    */
    x509flags |= X509_V_FLAG_PARTIAL_CHAIN;
  }
  (void)X509_STORE_set_flags(store, x509flags);

  return result;
}

/* key to use at `multi->proto_hash` */
#define MPROTO_OSSL_X509_KEY  "tls:ossl:x509:share"

struct ossl_x509_share {
  char *CAfile;         /* CAfile path used to generate X509 store */
  X509_STORE *store;    /* cached X509 store or NULL if none */
  struct curltime time; /* when the cached store was created */
  BIT(store_is_empty);  /* no certs/paths/blobs are in the store */
  BIT(no_partialchain); /* keep partial chain state */
};

static void oss_x509_share_free(void *key, size_t key_len, void *p)
{
  struct ossl_x509_share *share = p;
  DEBUGASSERT(key_len == (sizeof(MPROTO_OSSL_X509_KEY) - 1));
  DEBUGASSERT(!memcmp(MPROTO_OSSL_X509_KEY, key, key_len));
  (void)key;
  (void)key_len;
  if(share->store) {
    X509_STORE_free(share->store);
  }
  curlx_free(share->CAfile);
  curlx_free(share);
}

static bool ossl_cached_x509_store_expired(struct Curl_easy *data,
                                           const struct ossl_x509_share *mb)
{
  const struct ssl_general_config *cfg = &data->set.general_ssl;
  if(cfg->ca_cache_timeout < 0)
    return FALSE;
  else {
    timediff_t elapsed_ms = curlx_ptimediff_ms(Curl_pgrs_now(data), &mb->time);
    timediff_t timeout_ms = cfg->ca_cache_timeout * (timediff_t)1000;

    return elapsed_ms >= timeout_ms;
  }
}

static bool ossl_cached_x509_store_different(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                             const struct Curl_easy *data,
                                             const struct ossl_x509_share *mb)
{
  struct ssl_primary_config *conn_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_primary_config(cf);
  struct ssl_config_data *ssl_config =
    Curl_ssl_cf_get_config(cf, CURL_UNCONST(data));
  if(mb->no_partialchain != ssl_config->no_partialchain)
    return TRUE;
  if(!mb->CAfile || !conn_config->CAfile)
    return mb->CAfile != conn_config->CAfile;
  return strcmp(mb->CAfile, conn_config->CAfile);
}

static X509_STORE *ossl_get_cached_x509_store(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                              struct Curl_easy *data,
                                              bool *pempty)
{
  struct Curl_multi *multi = data->multi;
  struct ossl_x509_share *share;
  X509_STORE *store = NULL;

  DEBUGASSERT(multi);
  *pempty = TRUE;
  share = multi ? Curl_hash_pick(&multi->proto_hash,
                                 CURL_UNCONST(MPROTO_OSSL_X509_KEY),
                                 sizeof(MPROTO_OSSL_X509_KEY) - 1) : NULL;
  if(share && share->store &&
     !ossl_cached_x509_store_expired(data, share) &&
     !ossl_cached_x509_store_different(cf, data, share)) {
    store = share->store;
    *pempty = share->store_is_empty;
  }

  return store;
}

static void ossl_set_cached_x509_store(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                       struct Curl_easy *data,
                                       X509_STORE *store,
                                       bool is_empty)
{
  struct ssl_primary_config *conn_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_primary_config(cf);
  struct Curl_multi *multi = data->multi;
  struct ossl_x509_share *share;

  DEBUGASSERT(multi);
  if(!multi)
    return;
  share = Curl_hash_pick(&multi->proto_hash,
                         CURL_UNCONST(MPROTO_OSSL_X509_KEY),
                         sizeof(MPROTO_OSSL_X509_KEY) - 1);

  if(!share) {
    share = curlx_calloc(1, sizeof(*share));
    if(!share)
      return;
    if(!Curl_hash_add2(&multi->proto_hash,
                       CURL_UNCONST(MPROTO_OSSL_X509_KEY),
                       sizeof(MPROTO_OSSL_X509_KEY) - 1,
                       share, oss_x509_share_free)) {
      curlx_free(share);
      return;
    }
  }

  if(X509_STORE_up_ref(store)) {
    char *CAfile = NULL;
    struct ssl_config_data *ssl_config =
      Curl_ssl_cf_get_config(cf, CURL_UNCONST(data));

    if(conn_config->CAfile) {
      CAfile = curlx_strdup(conn_config->CAfile);
      if(!CAfile) {
        X509_STORE_free(store);
        return;
      }
    }

    if(share->store) {
      X509_STORE_free(share->store);
      curlx_free(share->CAfile);
    }

    share->time = *Curl_pgrs_now(data);
    share->store = store;
    share->store_is_empty = is_empty;
    share->CAfile = CAfile;
    share->no_partialchain = ssl_config->no_partialchain;
  }
}

CURLcode Curl_ssl_setup_x509_store(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                   struct Curl_easy *data,
                                   struct ossl_ctx *octx)
{
  struct ssl_primary_config *conn_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_primary_config(cf);
  struct ssl_config_data *ssl_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_config(cf, data);
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  X509_STORE *cached_store;
  bool cache_criteria_met, is_empty;

  /* Consider the X509 store cacheable if it comes exclusively from a CAfile,
     or no source is provided and we are falling back to OpenSSL's built-in
     default. */
  cache_criteria_met = (data->set.general_ssl.ca_cache_timeout != 0) &&
    conn_config->verifypeer &&
    !conn_config->CApath &&
    !conn_config->ca_info_blob &&
    !ssl_config->primary.CRLfile &&
    !ssl_config->native_ca_store;

  ERR_set_mark();

  cached_store = ossl_get_cached_x509_store(cf, data, &is_empty);
  if(cached_store && cache_criteria_met && X509_STORE_up_ref(cached_store)) {
    SSL_CTX_set_cert_store(octx->ssl_ctx, cached_store);
    octx->store_is_empty = is_empty;
  }
  else {
    X509_STORE *store = SSL_CTX_get_cert_store(octx->ssl_ctx);

    result = ossl_populate_x509_store(cf, data, octx, store);
    if(result == CURLE_OK && cache_criteria_met) {
      ossl_set_cached_x509_store(cf, data, store, octx->store_is_empty);
    }
  }

  ERR_pop_to_mark();

  return result;
}

static CURLcode
ossl_init_session_and_alpns(struct ossl_ctx *octx,
                            struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                            struct Curl_easy *data,
                            struct ssl_peer *peer,
                            const struct alpn_spec *alpns_requested,
                            Curl_ossl_init_session_reuse_cb *sess_reuse_cb)
{
  struct ssl_config_data *ssl_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_config(cf, data);
  struct ssl_primary_config *conn_cfg = Curl_ssl_cf_get_primary_config(cf);
  struct alpn_spec alpns;
  char error_buffer[256];
  CURLcode result;

  Curl_alpn_copy(&alpns, alpns_requested);

  octx->reused_session = FALSE;
  if(Curl_ssl_scache_use(cf, data) && !conn_cfg->verifystatus) {
    struct Curl_ssl_session *scs = NULL;

    result = Curl_ssl_scache_take(cf, data, peer->scache_key, &scs);
    if(!result && scs && scs->sdata && scs->sdata_len) {
      const unsigned char *der_sessionid = scs->sdata;
      size_t der_sessionid_size = scs->sdata_len;
      SSL_SESSION *ssl_session = NULL;

      /* If OpenSSL does not accept the session from the cache, this
       * is not an error. We just continue without it. */
      ssl_session = d2i_SSL_SESSION(NULL, &der_sessionid,
                                    (long)der_sessionid_size);
      if(ssl_session) {
        if(!SSL_set_session(octx->ssl, ssl_session)) {
          infof(data, "SSL: SSL_set_session not accepted, "
                "continuing without: %s",
                ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), error_buffer,
                              sizeof(error_buffer)));
        }
        else {
          infof(data, "SSL reusing session with ALPN '%s'",
                scs->alpn ? scs->alpn : "-");
          octx->reused_session = TRUE;
#ifdef HAVE_OPENSSL_EARLYDATA
          if(ssl_config->earlydata && scs->alpn &&
             SSL_SESSION_get_max_early_data(ssl_session) &&
             !cf->conn->connect_only &&
             (SSL_version(octx->ssl) == TLS1_3_VERSION)) {
            bool do_early_data = FALSE;
            if(sess_reuse_cb) {
              result = sess_reuse_cb(cf, data, &alpns, scs, &do_early_data);
              if(result) {
                SSL_SESSION_free(ssl_session);
                return result;
              }
            }
            if(do_early_data) {
              /* We only try the ALPN protocol the session used before,
               * otherwise we might send early data for the wrong protocol */
              Curl_alpn_restrict_to(&alpns, scs->alpn);
            }
          }
#else
          (void)ssl_config;
          (void)sess_reuse_cb;
#endif
        }
        SSL_SESSION_free(ssl_session);
      }
      else {
        infof(data, "SSL session not accepted by OpenSSL, continuing without");
      }
    }
    Curl_ssl_scache_return(cf, data, peer->scache_key, scs);
  }

#ifdef HAS_ALPN_OPENSSL
  if(alpns.count) {
    struct alpn_proto_buf proto;
    memset(&proto, 0, sizeof(proto));
    result = Curl_alpn_to_proto_buf(&proto, &alpns);
    if(result) {
      failf(data, "Error determining ALPN");
      return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
    }
    if(SSL_set_alpn_protos(octx->ssl, proto.data, (int)proto.len)) {
      failf(data, "Error setting ALPN");
      return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
    }
  }
#endif

  return CURLE_OK;
}

#ifdef HAVE_SSL_SET1_ECH_CONFIG_LIST
static CURLcode ossl_init_ech(struct ossl_ctx *octx,
                              struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                              struct Curl_easy *data,
                              struct ssl_peer *peer)
{
  unsigned char *ech_config = NULL;
  size_t ech_config_len = 0;
  char *outername = data->set.str[STRING_ECH_PUBLIC];
  int trying_ech_now = 0;
  CURLcode result;

  if(!ECH_ENABLED(data))
    return CURLE_OK;

  if(data->set.tls_ech & CURLECH_GREASE) {
    infof(data, "ECH: will GREASE ClientHello");
# ifdef HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE
    SSL_set_enable_ech_grease(octx->ssl, 1);
# else
    SSL_set_options(octx->ssl, SSL_OP_ECH_GREASE);
# endif
  }
  else if(data->set.tls_ech & CURLECH_CLA_CFG) {
# ifdef HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE
    /* have to do base64 decode here for BoringSSL */
    const char *b64 = data->set.str[STRING_ECH_CONFIG];

    if(!b64) {
      infof(data, "ECH: ECHConfig from command line empty");
      return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
    }
    ech_config_len = 2 * strlen(b64);
    result = curlx_base64_decode(b64, &ech_config, &ech_config_len);
    if(result || !ech_config) {
      infof(data, "ECH: cannot base64 decode ECHConfig from command line");
      if(data->set.tls_ech & CURLECH_HARD)
        return result;
    }
    if(SSL_set1_ech_config_list(octx->ssl, ech_config, ech_config_len) != 1) {
      infof(data, "ECH: SSL_ECH_set1_ech_config_list failed");
      if(data->set.tls_ech & CURLECH_HARD) {
        curlx_free(ech_config);
        return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
      }
    }
    curlx_free(ech_config);
    trying_ech_now = 1;
# else
    ech_config = (unsigned char *)data->set.str[STRING_ECH_CONFIG];
    if(!ech_config) {
      infof(data, "ECH: ECHConfig from command line empty");
      return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
    }
    ech_config_len = strlen(data->set.str[STRING_ECH_CONFIG]);
    if(SSL_set1_ech_config_list(octx->ssl, ech_config, ech_config_len) != 1) {
      infof(data, "ECH: SSL_ECH_set1_ech_config_list failed");
      if(data->set.tls_ech & CURLECH_HARD)
        return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
    }
    else
      trying_ech_now = 1;
# endif
    infof(data, "ECH: ECHConfig from command line");
  }
  else {
    struct Curl_dns_entry *dns = NULL;

    if(peer->hostname)
      dns = Curl_dnscache_get(data, peer->hostname, peer->port,
                              cf->conn->ip_version);
    if(!dns) {
      infof(data, "ECH: requested but no DNS info available");
      if(data->set.tls_ech & CURLECH_HARD)
        return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
    }
    else {
      struct Curl_https_rrinfo *rinfo = NULL;

      rinfo = dns->hinfo;
      if(rinfo && rinfo->echconfiglist) {
        unsigned char *ecl = rinfo->echconfiglist;
        size_t elen = rinfo->echconfiglist_len;

        infof(data, "ECH: ECHConfig from DoH HTTPS RR");
        if(SSL_set1_ech_config_list(octx->ssl, ecl, elen) != 1) {
          infof(data, "ECH: SSL_set1_ech_config_list failed");
          if(data->set.tls_ech & CURLECH_HARD)
            return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
        }
        else {
          trying_ech_now = 1;
          infof(data, "ECH: imported ECHConfigList of length %zu", elen);
        }
      }
      else {
        infof(data, "ECH: requested but no ECHConfig available");
        if(data->set.tls_ech & CURLECH_HARD)
          return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
      }
      Curl_resolv_unlink(data, &dns);
    }
  }
# ifdef HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE
  if(trying_ech_now && outername) {
    infof(data, "ECH: setting public_name not supported with BoringSSL");
    return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
  }
# else
  if(trying_ech_now && outername) {
    infof(data, "ECH: inner: '%s', outer: '%s'",
          peer->hostname ? peer->hostname : "NULL", outername);
    result = SSL_ech_set1_server_names(octx->ssl,
                                       peer->hostname, outername,
                                       0 /* do send outer */);
    if(result != 1) {
      infof(data, "ECH: rv failed to set server name(s) %d [ERROR]", result);
      return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
    }
  }
# endif /* HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE */
  if(trying_ech_now &&
     SSL_set_min_proto_version(octx->ssl, TLS1_3_VERSION) != 1) {
    infof(data, "ECH: cannot force TLSv1.3 [ERROR]");
    return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
  }

  return CURLE_OK;
}
#endif /* HAVE_SSL_SET1_ECH_CONFIG_LIST */

static CURLcode ossl_init_ssl(struct ossl_ctx *octx,
                              struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                              struct Curl_easy *data,
                              struct ssl_peer *peer,
                              const struct alpn_spec *alpns_requested,
                              void *ssl_user_data,
                              Curl_ossl_init_session_reuse_cb *sess_reuse_cb)
{
  /* Let's make an SSL structure */
  if(octx->ssl)
    SSL_free(octx->ssl);
  octx->ssl = SSL_new(octx->ssl_ctx);
  if(!octx->ssl) {
    failf(data, "SSL: could not create a context (handle)");
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  }

  SSL_set_app_data(octx->ssl, ssl_user_data);

#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_TLSEXT) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_OCSP)
  if(Curl_ssl_cf_get_primary_config(cf)->verifystatus)
    SSL_set_tlsext_status_type(octx->ssl, TLSEXT_STATUSTYPE_ocsp);
#endif

  SSL_set_connect_state(octx->ssl);

  if(peer->sni) {
    if(!SSL_set_tlsext_host_name(octx->ssl, peer->sni)) {
      failf(data, "Failed set SNI");
      return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
    }
  }

#ifdef HAVE_SSL_SET1_ECH_CONFIG_LIST
  {
    CURLcode result = ossl_init_ech(octx, cf, data, peer);
    if(result)
      return result;
  }
#endif /* HAVE_SSL_SET1_ECH_CONFIG_LIST */

  return ossl_init_session_and_alpns(octx, cf, data, peer,
                                     alpns_requested, sess_reuse_cb);
}

static CURLcode ossl_init_method(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                 struct Curl_easy *data,
                                 struct ssl_peer *peer,
                                 const SSL_METHOD **pmethod,
                                 unsigned int *pssl_version_min)
{
  struct ssl_primary_config *conn_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_primary_config(cf);

  *pmethod = NULL;
  *pssl_version_min = conn_config->version;
  switch(peer->transport) {
  case TRNSPRT_TCP:
    /* check to see if we have been told to use an explicit SSL/TLS version */
    switch(*pssl_version_min) {
    case CURL_SSLVERSION_DEFAULT:
    case CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1:
    case CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_0:
    case CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_1:
    case CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_2:
    case CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_3:
      /* it will be handled later with the context options */
      *pmethod = TLS_client_method();
      break;
    case CURL_SSLVERSION_SSLv2:
      failf(data, "No SSLv2 support");
      return CURLE_NOT_BUILT_IN;
    case CURL_SSLVERSION_SSLv3:
      failf(data, "No SSLv3 support");
      return CURLE_NOT_BUILT_IN;
    default:
      failf(data, "Unrecognized parameter passed via CURLOPT_SSLVERSION");
      return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
    }
    break;
  case TRNSPRT_QUIC:
    *pssl_version_min = CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_3;
    if(conn_config->version_max &&
       (conn_config->version_max != CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_DEFAULT) &&
       (conn_config->version_max != CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_TLSv1_3)) {
      failf(data, "QUIC needs at least TLS version 1.3");
      return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
    }

#ifdef USE_OPENSSL_QUIC
    *pmethod = OSSL_QUIC_client_method();
#else
    *pmethod = TLS_method();
#endif
    break;
  default:
    failf(data, "unsupported transport %d in SSL init", peer->transport);
    return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
  }

  return *pmethod ? CURLE_OK : CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
}

CURLcode Curl_ossl_ctx_init(struct ossl_ctx *octx,
                            struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                            struct Curl_easy *data,
                            struct ssl_peer *peer,
                            const struct alpn_spec *alpns_requested,
                            Curl_ossl_ctx_setup_cb *cb_setup,
                            void *cb_user_data,
                            Curl_ossl_new_session_cb *cb_new_session,
                            void *ssl_user_data,
                            Curl_ossl_init_session_reuse_cb *sess_reuse_cb)
{
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  const char *ciphers;
  const SSL_METHOD *req_method = NULL;
  ctx_option_t ctx_options = 0;
  struct ssl_primary_config *conn_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_primary_config(cf);
  struct ssl_config_data *ssl_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_config(cf, data);
  char * const ssl_cert = ssl_config->primary.clientcert;
  const struct curl_blob *ssl_cert_blob = ssl_config->primary.cert_blob;
  const char * const ssl_cert_type = ssl_config->cert_type;
  unsigned int ssl_version_min;
  char error_buffer[256];

  /* Make funny stuff to get random input */
  result = ossl_seed(data);
  if(result)
    return result;

  ssl_config->certverifyresult = !X509_V_OK;

  result = ossl_init_method(cf, data, peer, &req_method, &ssl_version_min);
  if(result)
    return result;
  DEBUGASSERT(req_method);

  DEBUGASSERT(!octx->ssl_ctx);
  octx->ssl_ctx =
#ifdef OPENSSL_HAS_PROVIDERS
    data->state.libctx ?
    SSL_CTX_new_ex(data->state.libctx, data->state.propq, req_method):
#endif
    SSL_CTX_new(req_method);

  if(!octx->ssl_ctx) {
    failf(data, "SSL: could not create a context: %s",
          ossl_strerror(ERR_peek_error(), error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer)));
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  }

  if(cb_setup) {
    result = cb_setup(cf, data, cb_user_data);
    if(result)
      return result;
  }

  if(data->set.fdebug && data->set.verbose) {
    /* the SSL trace callback is only used for verbose logging */
    SSL_CTX_set_msg_callback(octx->ssl_ctx, ossl_trace);
    SSL_CTX_set_msg_callback_arg(octx->ssl_ctx, cf);
  }

  /* OpenSSL contains code to work around lots of bugs and flaws in various
     SSL-implementations. SSL_CTX_set_options() is used to enabled those
     work-arounds. The man page for this option states that SSL_OP_ALL enables
     all the work-arounds and that "It is usually safe to use SSL_OP_ALL to
     enable the bug workaround options if compatibility with somewhat broken
     implementations is desired."

     The "-no_ticket" option was introduced in OpenSSL 0.9.8j. it is a flag to
     disable "rfc4507bis session ticket support". rfc4507bis was later turned
     into the proper RFC5077: https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5077

     The enabled extension concerns the session management. I wonder how often
     libcurl stops a connection and then resumes a TLS session. Also, sending
     the session data is some overhead. I suggest that you just use your
     proposed patch (which explicitly disables TICKET).

     If someone writes an application with libcurl and OpenSSL who wants to
     enable the feature, one can do this in the SSL callback.

     SSL_OP_NETSCAPE_REUSE_CIPHER_CHANGE_BUG option enabling allowed proper
     interoperability with web server Netscape Enterprise Server 2.0.1 which
     was released back in 1996.

     Due to CVE-2010-4180, option SSL_OP_NETSCAPE_REUSE_CIPHER_CHANGE_BUG has
     become ineffective as of OpenSSL 0.9.8q and 1.0.0c. In order to mitigate
     CVE-2010-4180 when using previous OpenSSL versions we no longer enable
     this option regardless of OpenSSL version and SSL_OP_ALL definition.

     OpenSSL added a work-around for an SSL 3.0/TLS 1.0 CBC vulnerability:
     https://web.archive.org/web/20240114184648/openssl.org/~bodo/tls-cbc.txt.
     In 0.9.6e they added a bit to SSL_OP_ALL that _disables_ that work-around
     despite the fact that SSL_OP_ALL is documented to do "rather harmless"
     workarounds. In order to keep the secure work-around, the
     SSL_OP_DONT_INSERT_EMPTY_FRAGMENTS bit must not be set.
  */

  ctx_options = SSL_OP_ALL | SSL_OP_NO_TICKET | SSL_OP_NO_COMPRESSION;

  /* mitigate CVE-2010-4180 */
  ctx_options &= ~(ctx_option_t)SSL_OP_NETSCAPE_REUSE_CIPHER_CHANGE_BUG;

  /* unless the user explicitly asks to allow the protocol vulnerability we
     use the work-around */
  if(!ssl_config->enable_beast)
    ctx_options &= ~(ctx_option_t)SSL_OP_DONT_INSERT_EMPTY_FRAGMENTS;

  switch(ssl_version_min) {
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_SSLv2:
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_SSLv3:
    return CURLE_NOT_BUILT_IN;

    /* "--tlsv<x.y>" options mean TLS >= version <x.y> */
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_DEFAULT:
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1:   /* TLS >= version 1.0 */
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_0: /* TLS >= version 1.0 */
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_1: /* TLS >= version 1.1 */
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_2: /* TLS >= version 1.2 */
  case CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_3: /* TLS >= version 1.3 */
    /* asking for any TLS version as the minimum, means no SSL versions
       allowed */
    ctx_options |= SSL_OP_NO_SSLv2;
    ctx_options |= SSL_OP_NO_SSLv3;

    result = ossl_set_ssl_version_min_max(cf, octx->ssl_ctx, ssl_version_min);
    if(result)
      return result;
    break;

  default:
    failf(data, "Unrecognized parameter passed via CURLOPT_SSLVERSION");
    return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
  }

  SSL_CTX_set_options(octx->ssl_ctx, ctx_options);
  SSL_CTX_set_read_ahead(octx->ssl_ctx, 1);

  /* Max TLS1.2 record size 0x4000 + 0x800.
     OpenSSL supports processing "jumbo TLS record" (8 TLS records) in one go
     for some algorithms, so match that here.
     Experimentation shows that a slightly larger buffer is needed
     to avoid short reads.

     However using a large buffer (8 packets) actually decreases performance.
     4 packets is better.
   */
#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_DEFAULT_READ_BUFFER_LEN
  SSL_CTX_set_default_read_buffer_len(octx->ssl_ctx, 0x401e * 4);
#endif

  /* We do retry writes sometimes from another buffer address */
  SSL_CTX_set_mode(octx->ssl_ctx, SSL_MODE_ACCEPT_MOVING_WRITE_BUFFER);

  ciphers = conn_config->cipher_list;
  if(!ciphers && (peer->transport != TRNSPRT_QUIC))
    ciphers = NULL;
  if(ciphers && (ssl_version_min < CURL_SSLVERSION_TLSv1_3)) {
    if(!SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list(octx->ssl_ctx, ciphers)) {
      failf(data, "failed setting cipher list: %s", ciphers);
      return CURLE_SSL_CIPHER;
    }
    infof(data, "Cipher selection: %s", ciphers);
  }

#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_CIPHERSUITES
  {
    const char *ciphers13 = conn_config->cipher_list13;
    if(ciphers13 &&
       (!conn_config->version_max ||
        (conn_config->version_max == CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_DEFAULT) ||
        (conn_config->version_max >= CURL_SSLVERSION_MAX_TLSv1_3))) {
      if(!SSL_CTX_set_ciphersuites(octx->ssl_ctx, ciphers13)) {
        failf(data, "failed setting TLS 1.3 cipher suite: %s", ciphers13);
        return CURLE_SSL_CIPHER;
      }
      infof(data, "TLS 1.3 cipher selection: %s", ciphers13);
    }
  }
#endif

  if(ssl_cert || ssl_cert_blob || ssl_cert_type) {
    result = client_cert(data, octx->ssl_ctx,
                         ssl_cert, ssl_cert_blob, ssl_cert_type,
                         ssl_config->key, ssl_config->key_blob,
                         ssl_config->key_type, ssl_config->key_passwd);
    if(result)
      /* failf() is already done in client_cert() */
      return result;
  }

#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_POST_HANDSHAKE_AUTH
  /* OpenSSL 1.1.1 requires clients to opt-in for PHA */
  SSL_CTX_set_post_handshake_auth(octx->ssl_ctx, 1);
#endif

  {
    const char *curves = conn_config->curves;
    if(curves) {
#ifdef HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE
#define OSSL_CURVE_CAST(x) (x)
#else
#define OSSL_CURVE_CAST(x) (char *)CURL_UNCONST(x)
#endif
      if(!SSL_CTX_set1_curves_list(octx->ssl_ctx, OSSL_CURVE_CAST(curves))) {
        failf(data, "failed setting curves list: '%s'", curves);
        return CURLE_SSL_CIPHER;
      }
    }
  }

#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET1_SIGALGS
#define OSSL_SIGALG_CAST(x) OSSL_CURVE_CAST(x)
  {
    const char *signature_algorithms = conn_config->signature_algorithms;
    if(signature_algorithms) {
      if(!SSL_CTX_set1_sigalgs_list(octx->ssl_ctx,
                                    OSSL_SIGALG_CAST(signature_algorithms))) {
        failf(data, "failed setting signature algorithms: '%s'",
              signature_algorithms);
        return CURLE_SSL_CIPHER;
      }
    }
  }
#endif

#if defined(HAVE_OPENSSL_SRP) && defined(USE_TLS_SRP)
  if(ssl_config->primary.username && Curl_auth_allowed_to_host(data)) {
    char * const ssl_username = ssl_config->primary.username;
    char * const ssl_password = ssl_config->primary.password;
    infof(data, "Using TLS-SRP username: %s", ssl_username);

    if(!SSL_CTX_set_srp_username(octx->ssl_ctx, ssl_username)) {
      failf(data, "Unable to set SRP username");
      return CURLE_BAD_FUNCTION_ARGUMENT;
    }
    if(!SSL_CTX_set_srp_password(octx->ssl_ctx, ssl_password)) {
      failf(data, "failed setting SRP password");
      return CURLE_BAD_FUNCTION_ARGUMENT;
    }
    if(!conn_config->cipher_list) {
      infof(data, "Setting cipher list SRP");

      if(!SSL_CTX_set_cipher_list(octx->ssl_ctx, "SRP")) {
        failf(data, "failed setting SRP cipher list");
        return CURLE_SSL_CIPHER;
      }
    }
  }
#endif /* HAVE_OPENSSL_SRP && USE_TLS_SRP */

  /* OpenSSL always tries to verify the peer. By setting the failure mode
   * to NONE, we allow the connect to complete, regardless of the outcome.
   * We then explicitly check the result and may try alternatives like
   * Apple's SecTrust for verification. */
  SSL_CTX_set_verify(octx->ssl_ctx, SSL_VERIFY_NONE, NULL);

  /* Enable logging of secrets to the file specified in env SSLKEYLOGFILE. */
#ifdef HAVE_KEYLOG_CALLBACK
  if(Curl_tls_keylog_enabled()) {
    SSL_CTX_set_keylog_callback(octx->ssl_ctx, ossl_keylog_callback);
  }
#endif

  if(cb_new_session) {
    /* Enable the session cache because it is a prerequisite for the
     * "new session" callback. Use the "external storage" mode to prevent
     * OpenSSL from creating an internal session cache.
     */
    SSL_CTX_set_session_cache_mode(octx->ssl_ctx,
                                   SSL_SESS_CACHE_CLIENT |
                                   SSL_SESS_CACHE_NO_INTERNAL);
    SSL_CTX_sess_set_new_cb(octx->ssl_ctx, cb_new_session);
  }

  /* give application a chance to interfere with SSL set up. */
  if(data->set.ssl.fsslctx) {
    /* When a user callback is installed to modify the SSL_CTX,
     * we need to do the full initialization before calling it.
     * See: #11800 */
    if(!octx->x509_store_setup) {
      result = Curl_ssl_setup_x509_store(cf, data, octx);
      if(result)
        return result;
      octx->x509_store_setup = TRUE;
    }
    Curl_set_in_callback(data, TRUE);
    result = (*data->set.ssl.fsslctx)(data, octx->ssl_ctx,
                                      data->set.ssl.fsslctxp);
    Curl_set_in_callback(data, FALSE);
    if(result) {
      failf(data, "error signaled by ssl ctx callback");
      return result;
    }
  }

  return ossl_init_ssl(octx, cf, data, peer, alpns_requested,
                       ssl_user_data, sess_reuse_cb);
}

static CURLcode ossl_on_session_reuse(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                      struct Curl_easy *data,
                                      struct alpn_spec *alpns,
                                      struct Curl_ssl_session *scs,
                                      bool *do_early_data)
{
  struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;

  *do_early_data = FALSE;
  connssl->earlydata_max = scs->earlydata_max;
  if(!connssl->earlydata_max) {
    CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL session does not allow earlydata");
  }
  else if(!Curl_alpn_contains_proto(alpns, scs->alpn)) {
    CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL session has different ALPN, no early data");
  }
  else {
    infof(data, "SSL session allows %zu bytes of early data, "
          "reusing ALPN '%s'", connssl->earlydata_max, scs->alpn);
    connssl->earlydata_state = ssl_earlydata_await;
    connssl->state = ssl_connection_deferred;
    result = Curl_alpn_set_negotiated(cf, data, connssl,
                    (const unsigned char *)scs->alpn,
                    scs->alpn ? strlen(scs->alpn) : 0);
    *do_early_data = !result;
  }
  return result;
}

void Curl_ossl_report_handshake(struct Curl_easy *data, struct ossl_ctx *octx)
{
#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_VERBOSE_STRINGS
  if(Curl_trc_is_verbose(data)) {
    int psigtype_nid = NID_undef;
    const char *negotiated_group_name = NULL;

#ifdef HAVE_OPENSSL3
    SSL_get_peer_signature_type_nid(octx->ssl, &psigtype_nid);
#if OPENSSL_VERSION_NUMBER >= 0x30200000L
    negotiated_group_name = SSL_get0_group_name(octx->ssl);
#else
    negotiated_group_name =
      OBJ_nid2sn(SSL_get_negotiated_group(octx->ssl) & 0x0000FFFF);
#endif
#endif

    /* Informational message */
    infof(data, "SSL connection using %s / %s / %s / %s",
          SSL_get_version(octx->ssl),
          SSL_get_cipher(octx->ssl),
          negotiated_group_name ? negotiated_group_name : "[blank]",
          OBJ_nid2sn(psigtype_nid));
  }
#else
  (void)data;
  (void)octx;
#endif /* CURL_DISABLE_VERBOSE_STRINGS */
}

static CURLcode ossl_connect_step1(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                   struct Curl_easy *data)
{
  struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;
  struct ossl_ctx *octx = (struct ossl_ctx *)connssl->backend;
  BIO *bio;
  CURLcode result;

  DEBUGASSERT(ssl_connect_1 == connssl->connecting_state);
  DEBUGASSERT(octx);

  result = Curl_ossl_ctx_init(octx, cf, data, &connssl->peer,
                              connssl->alpn, NULL, NULL,
                              ossl_new_session_cb, cf,
                              ossl_on_session_reuse);
  if(result)
    return result;

  octx->bio_method = ossl_bio_cf_method_create();
  if(!octx->bio_method)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  bio = BIO_new(octx->bio_method);
  if(!bio)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;

  BIO_set_data(bio, cf);
#ifdef HAVE_SSL_SET0_WBIO
  /* with OpenSSL v1.1.1 we get an alternative to SSL_set_bio() that works
   * without backward compat quirks. Every call takes one reference, so we
   * up it and pass. SSL* then owns it and will free.
   * We check on the function in configure, since LibreSSL and friends
   * each have their own versions to add support for this. */
  BIO_up_ref(bio);
  SSL_set0_rbio(octx->ssl, bio);
  SSL_set0_wbio(octx->ssl, bio);
#else
  SSL_set_bio(octx->ssl, bio, bio);
#endif

#ifdef HAS_ALPN_OPENSSL
  if(connssl->alpn && (connssl->state != ssl_connection_deferred)) {
    struct alpn_proto_buf proto;
    memset(&proto, 0, sizeof(proto));
    Curl_alpn_to_proto_str(&proto, connssl->alpn);
    infof(data, VTLS_INFOF_ALPN_OFFER_1STR, proto.data);
  }
#endif
  connssl->connecting_state = ssl_connect_2;
  return CURLE_OK;
}

#ifdef HAVE_SSL_SET1_ECH_CONFIG_LIST
/* If we have retry configs, then trace those out */
static void ossl_trace_ech_retry_configs(struct Curl_easy *data, SSL *ssl,
                                         int reason)
{
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  size_t rcl = 0;
  int rv = 1;
# ifndef HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE
  char *inner = NULL;
  uint8_t *rcs = NULL;
  char *outer = NULL;
# else
  const char *inner = NULL;
  const uint8_t *rcs = NULL;
  const char *outer = NULL;
  size_t out_name_len = 0;
  int servername_type = 0;
# endif

  /* nothing to trace if not doing ECH */
  if(!ECH_ENABLED(data))
    return;
# ifndef HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE
  rv = SSL_ech_get1_retry_config(ssl, &rcs, &rcl);
# else
  SSL_get0_ech_retry_configs(ssl, &rcs, &rcl);
  rv = (int)rcl;
# endif

  if(rv && rcs) {
    char *b64str = NULL;
    size_t blen = 0;

    result = curlx_base64_encode(rcs, rcl, &b64str, &blen);
    if(!result && b64str) {
      infof(data, "ECH: retry_configs %s", b64str);
      curlx_free(b64str);
#ifndef HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE
      rv = SSL_ech_get1_status(ssl, &inner, &outer);
      infof(data, "ECH: retry_configs for %s from %s, %d %d",
            inner ? inner : "NULL", outer ? outer : "NULL", reason, rv);
#else
      rv = SSL_ech_accepted(ssl);
      servername_type = SSL_get_servername_type(ssl);
      inner = SSL_get_servername(ssl, servername_type);
      SSL_get0_ech_name_override(ssl, &outer, &out_name_len);
      infof(data, "ECH: retry_configs for %s from %s, %d %d",
            inner ? inner : "NULL", outer ? outer : "NULL", reason, rv);
#endif
    }
  }
  else
    infof(data, "ECH: no retry_configs (rv = %d)", rv);
# ifndef HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE
  OPENSSL_free((void *)rcs);
# endif
  return;
}

#endif

static CURLcode ossl_connect_step2(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                   struct Curl_easy *data)
{
  int err;
  struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;
  struct ossl_ctx *octx = (struct ossl_ctx *)connssl->backend;
  struct ssl_config_data *ssl_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_config(cf, data);
  DEBUGASSERT(ssl_connect_2 == connssl->connecting_state);
  DEBUGASSERT(octx);

  connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_NONE;
  ERR_clear_error();

  err = SSL_connect(octx->ssl);

  if(!octx->x509_store_setup) {
    /* After having send off the ClientHello, we prepare the x509
     * store to verify the coming certificate from the server */
    CURLcode result = Curl_ssl_setup_x509_store(cf, data, octx);
    if(result)
      return result;
    octx->x509_store_setup = TRUE;
  }

#ifndef HAVE_KEYLOG_CALLBACK
  /* If key logging is enabled, wait for the handshake to complete and then
   * proceed with logging secrets (for TLS 1.2 or older).
   */
  if(Curl_tls_keylog_enabled() && !octx->keylog_done)
    ossl_log_tls12_secret(octx->ssl, &octx->keylog_done);
#endif

  /* 1  is fine
     0  is "not successful but was shut down controlled"
     <0 is "handshake was not successful, because a fatal error occurred" */
  if(err != 1) {
    int detail = SSL_get_error(octx->ssl, err);
    CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL_connect() -> err=%d, detail=%d", err, detail);

    if(SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ == detail) {
      CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL_connect() -> want recv");
      connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_RECV;
      return CURLE_AGAIN;
    }
    if(SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE == detail) {
      CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL_connect() -> want send");
      connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_SEND;
      return CURLE_AGAIN;
    }
#ifdef SSL_ERROR_WANT_ASYNC
    if(SSL_ERROR_WANT_ASYNC == detail) {
      CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL_connect() -> want async");
      connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_RECV;
      return CURLE_AGAIN;
    }
#endif
#ifdef SSL_ERROR_WANT_RETRY_VERIFY
    if(SSL_ERROR_WANT_RETRY_VERIFY == detail) {
      CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL_connect() -> want retry_verify");
      Curl_xfer_pause_recv(data, TRUE);
      return CURLE_AGAIN;
    }
#endif
    else {
      /* untreated error */
      sslerr_t errdetail;
      char error_buffer[256] = "";
      CURLcode result;
      long lerr;
      int lib;
      int reason;

      /* the connection failed, we are not waiting for anything else. */
      connssl->connecting_state = ssl_connect_2;

      /* Get the earliest error code from the thread's error queue and remove
         the entry. */
      errdetail = ERR_get_error();

      /* Extract which lib and reason */
      lib = ERR_GET_LIB(errdetail);
      reason = ERR_GET_REASON(errdetail);

      if((lib == ERR_LIB_SSL) &&
         ((reason == SSL_R_CERTIFICATE_VERIFY_FAILED) ||
          (reason == SSL_R_SSLV3_ALERT_CERTIFICATE_EXPIRED))) {
        result = CURLE_PEER_FAILED_VERIFICATION;

        lerr = SSL_get_verify_result(octx->ssl);
        if(lerr != X509_V_OK) {
          ssl_config->certverifyresult = lerr;
          failf(data, "SSL certificate problem: %s",
                X509_verify_cert_error_string(lerr));
        }
        else
          failf(data, "%s", "SSL certificate verification failed");
      }
#ifdef SSL_R_TLSV13_ALERT_CERTIFICATE_REQUIRED
      /* SSL_R_TLSV13_ALERT_CERTIFICATE_REQUIRED is only available on
         OpenSSL version above v1.1.1, not LibreSSL, BoringSSL, or AWS-LC */
      else if((lib == ERR_LIB_SSL) &&
              (reason == SSL_R_TLSV13_ALERT_CERTIFICATE_REQUIRED)) {
        /* If client certificate is required, communicate the
           error to client */
        result = CURLE_SSL_CLIENTCERT;
        failf(data, "TLS cert problem: %s",
              ossl_strerror(errdetail, error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer)));
      }
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SSL_SET1_ECH_CONFIG_LIST
      else if((lib == ERR_LIB_SSL) &&
# ifndef HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE
              (reason == SSL_R_ECH_REQUIRED)) {
# else
              (reason == SSL_R_ECH_REJECTED)) {
# endif

        /* trace retry_configs if we got some */
        ossl_trace_ech_retry_configs(data, octx->ssl, reason);

        result = CURLE_ECH_REQUIRED;
        failf(data, "ECH required: %s",
              ossl_strerror(errdetail, error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer)));
      }
#endif
      else {
        result = CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
        failf(data, "TLS connect error: %s",
              ossl_strerror(errdetail, error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer)));
      }

      /* detail is already set to the SSL error above */

      /* If we e.g. use SSLv2 request-method and the server does not like us
       * (RST connection, etc.), OpenSSL gives no explanation whatsoever and
       * the SO_ERROR is also lost.
       */
      if(CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR == result && errdetail == 0) {
        char extramsg[80] = "";
        int sockerr = SOCKERRNO;

        if(sockerr && detail == SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL)
          curlx_strerror(sockerr, extramsg, sizeof(extramsg));
        failf(data, OSSL_PACKAGE " SSL_connect: %s in connection to %s:%d ",
              extramsg[0] ? extramsg : SSL_ERROR_to_str(detail),
              connssl->peer.hostname, connssl->peer.port);
      }

      return result;
    }
  }
  else {
    /* we connected fine, we are not waiting for anything else. */
    connssl->connecting_state = ssl_connect_3;
    Curl_ossl_report_handshake(data, octx);

#if defined(HAVE_SSL_SET1_ECH_CONFIG_LIST) && !defined(HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE)
    if(ECH_ENABLED(data)) {
      char *inner = NULL, *outer = NULL;
      const char *status = NULL;
      int rv;

      rv = SSL_ech_get1_status(octx->ssl, &inner, &outer);
      switch(rv) {
      case SSL_ECH_STATUS_SUCCESS:
        status = "succeeded";
        break;
      case SSL_ECH_STATUS_GREASE_ECH:
        status = "sent GREASE, got retry-configs";
        break;
      case SSL_ECH_STATUS_GREASE:
        status = "sent GREASE";
        break;
      case SSL_ECH_STATUS_NOT_TRIED:
        status = "not attempted";
        break;
      case SSL_ECH_STATUS_NOT_CONFIGURED:
        status = "not configured";
        break;
      case SSL_ECH_STATUS_BACKEND:
        status = "backend (unexpected)";
        break;
      case SSL_ECH_STATUS_FAILED:
        status = "failed";
        break;
      case SSL_ECH_STATUS_BAD_CALL:
        status = "bad call (unexpected)";
        break;
      case SSL_ECH_STATUS_BAD_NAME:
        status = "bad name (unexpected)";
        break;
      default:
        status = "unexpected status";
        infof(data, "ECH: unexpected status %d", rv);
      }
      infof(data, "ECH: result: status is %s, inner is %s, outer is %s",
            (status ? status : "NULL"),
            (inner ? inner : "NULL"),
            (outer ? outer : "NULL"));
      OPENSSL_free(inner);
      OPENSSL_free(outer);
      if(rv == SSL_ECH_STATUS_GREASE_ECH) {
        /* trace retry_configs if we got some */
        ossl_trace_ech_retry_configs(data, octx->ssl, 0);
      }
      if(rv != SSL_ECH_STATUS_SUCCESS
         && data->set.tls_ech & CURLECH_HARD) {
        infof(data, "ECH: ech-hard failed");
        return CURLE_SSL_CONNECT_ERROR;
      }
    }
    else {
      infof(data, "ECH: result: status is not attempted");
    }
#endif /* HAVE_SSL_SET1_ECH_CONFIG_LIST && !HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE */

#ifdef HAS_ALPN_OPENSSL
    /* Sets data and len to negotiated protocol, len is 0 if no protocol was
     * negotiated
     */
    if(connssl->alpn) {
      const unsigned char *neg_protocol;
      unsigned int len;
      SSL_get0_alpn_selected(octx->ssl, &neg_protocol, &len);

      return Curl_alpn_set_negotiated(cf, data, connssl, neg_protocol, len);
    }
#endif

    return CURLE_OK;
  }
}

/*
 * Heavily modified from:
 * https://www.owasp.org/index.php/Certificate_and_Public_Key_Pinning#OpenSSL
 */
static CURLcode ossl_pkp_pin_peer_pubkey(struct Curl_easy *data, X509 *cert,
                                         const char *pinnedpubkey)
{
  /* Scratch */
  int len1 = 0, len2 = 0;
  unsigned char *buff1 = NULL, *temp = NULL;

  /* Result is returned to caller */
  CURLcode result = CURLE_SSL_PINNEDPUBKEYNOTMATCH;

  /* if a path was not specified, do not pin */
  if(!pinnedpubkey)
    return CURLE_OK;

  if(!cert)
    return result;

  do {
    /* Get the subjectPublicKeyInfo */
    /* https://groups.google.com/group/mailing.openssl.users/browse_thread/thread/d61858dae102c6c7 */
    len1 = i2d_X509_PUBKEY(X509_get_X509_PUBKEY(cert), NULL);
    if(len1 < 1)
      break; /* failed */

    buff1 = temp = curlx_malloc(len1);
    if(!buff1)
      break; /* failed */

    /* https://docs.openssl.org/master/man3/d2i_X509/ */
    len2 = i2d_X509_PUBKEY(X509_get_X509_PUBKEY(cert), &temp);

    /*
     * These checks are verifying we got back the same values as when we
     * sized the buffer. it is pretty weak since they should always be the
     * same. But it gives us something to test.
     */
    if((len1 != len2) || !temp || ((temp - buff1) != len1))
      break; /* failed */

    /* End Gyrations */

    /* The one good exit point */
    result = Curl_pin_peer_pubkey(data, pinnedpubkey, buff1, len1);
  } while(0);

  if(buff1)
    curlx_free(buff1);

  return result;
}

#if !(defined(LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER) && \
  LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER < 0x3060000fL) && \
  !defined(HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE) && !defined(CURL_DISABLE_VERBOSE_STRINGS)
static void infof_certstack(struct Curl_easy *data, const SSL *ssl)
{
  STACK_OF(X509) *certstack;
  long verify_result;
  int num_cert_levels;
  int cert_level;

  if(!Curl_trc_is_verbose(data))
    return;

  verify_result = SSL_get_verify_result(ssl);
  if(verify_result != X509_V_OK)
    certstack = SSL_get_peer_cert_chain(ssl);
  else
    certstack = SSL_get0_verified_chain(ssl);
  if(!certstack)
    return;
  num_cert_levels = sk_X509_num(certstack);

  for(cert_level = 0; cert_level < num_cert_levels; cert_level++) {
    char cert_algorithm[80] = "";
    char group_name_final[80] = "";
    const X509_ALGOR *palg_cert = NULL;
    const ASN1_OBJECT *paobj_cert = NULL;
    X509 *current_cert;
    EVP_PKEY *current_pkey;
    int key_bits;
    int key_sec_bits;
    int get_group_name;
    const char *type_name;

    current_cert = sk_X509_value(certstack, cert_level);
    if(!current_cert)
      continue;

    current_pkey = X509_get0_pubkey(current_cert);
    if(!current_pkey)
      continue;

    X509_get0_signature(NULL, &palg_cert, current_cert);
    X509_ALGOR_get0(&paobj_cert, NULL, NULL, palg_cert);
    OBJ_obj2txt(cert_algorithm, sizeof(cert_algorithm), paobj_cert, 0);

    key_bits = EVP_PKEY_bits(current_pkey);
#ifndef HAVE_OPENSSL3
#define EVP_PKEY_get_security_bits EVP_PKEY_security_bits
#endif
    key_sec_bits = EVP_PKEY_get_security_bits(current_pkey);
#ifdef HAVE_OPENSSL3
    {
      char group_name[80] = "";
      get_group_name = EVP_PKEY_get_group_name(current_pkey, group_name,
                                               sizeof(group_name), NULL);
      curl_msnprintf(group_name_final, sizeof(group_name_final), "/%s",
                     group_name);
    }
    type_name = EVP_PKEY_get0_type_name(current_pkey);
#else
    get_group_name = 0;
    type_name = NULL;
#endif

    infof(data, "  Certificate level %d: "
          "Public key type %s%s (%d/%d Bits/secBits), signed using %s",
          cert_level, type_name ? type_name : "?",
          get_group_name == 0 ? "" : group_name_final,
          key_bits, key_sec_bits, cert_algorithm);
  }
}
#else
#define infof_certstack(data, ssl)
#endif

static CURLcode ossl_check_issuer(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                  struct Curl_easy *data,
                                  X509 *server_cert)
{
  struct ssl_primary_config *conn_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_primary_config(cf);
  X509 *issuer = NULL;
  BIO *fp = NULL;
  char err_buf[256] = "";
  bool verify_enabled = (conn_config->verifypeer || conn_config->verifyhost);
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;

  /* e.g. match issuer name with provided issuer certificate */
  if(conn_config->issuercert_blob) {
    fp = BIO_new_mem_buf(conn_config->issuercert_blob->data,
                         (int)conn_config->issuercert_blob->len);
    if(!fp) {
      failf(data, "BIO_new_mem_buf NULL, " OSSL_PACKAGE " error %s",
            ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), err_buf, sizeof(err_buf)));
      result = CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
      goto out;
    }
  }
  else if(conn_config->issuercert) {
    fp = BIO_new(BIO_s_file());
    if(!fp) {
      failf(data, "BIO_new return NULL, " OSSL_PACKAGE " error %s",
            ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), err_buf, sizeof(err_buf)));
      result = CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
      goto out;
    }

    if(BIO_read_filename(fp, conn_config->issuercert) <= 0) {
      if(verify_enabled)
        failf(data, "SSL: Unable to open issuer cert (%s)",
              conn_config->issuercert);
      result = CURLE_SSL_ISSUER_ERROR;
      goto out;
    }
  }

  if(fp) {
    issuer = PEM_read_bio_X509(fp, NULL, ZERO_NULL, NULL);
    if(!issuer) {
      if(verify_enabled)
        failf(data, "SSL: Unable to read issuer cert (%s)",
              conn_config->issuercert);
      result = CURLE_SSL_ISSUER_ERROR;
      goto out;
    }

    if(X509_check_issued(issuer, server_cert) != X509_V_OK) {
      if(verify_enabled)
        failf(data, "SSL: Certificate issuer check failed (%s)",
              conn_config->issuercert);
      result = CURLE_SSL_ISSUER_ERROR;
      goto out;
    }

    infof(data, " SSL certificate issuer check ok (%s)",
          conn_config->issuercert);
  }

out:
  if(fp)
    BIO_free(fp);
  if(issuer)
    X509_free(issuer);
  return result;
}

static CURLcode ossl_check_pinned_key(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                      struct Curl_easy *data,
                                      X509 *server_cert)
{
  const char *ptr;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;

  (void)cf;
#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_PROXY
  ptr = Curl_ssl_cf_is_proxy(cf) ?
    data->set.str[STRING_SSL_PINNEDPUBLICKEY_PROXY] :
    data->set.str[STRING_SSL_PINNEDPUBLICKEY];
#else
  ptr = data->set.str[STRING_SSL_PINNEDPUBLICKEY];
#endif
  if(ptr) {
    result = ossl_pkp_pin_peer_pubkey(data, server_cert, ptr);
    if(result)
      failf(data, "SSL: public key does not match pinned public key");
  }
  return result;
}

#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_VERBOSE_STRINGS
#define MAX_CERT_NAME_LENGTH 2048
static CURLcode ossl_infof_cert(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                struct Curl_easy *data,
                                X509 *server_cert)
{
  BIO *mem = NULL;
  struct dynbuf dname;
  char err_buf[256] = "";
  char *buf;
  long len;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;

  if(!Curl_trc_is_verbose(data))
    return CURLE_OK;

  curlx_dyn_init(&dname, MAX_CERT_NAME_LENGTH);
  mem = BIO_new(BIO_s_mem());
  if(!mem) {
    failf(data, "BIO_new return NULL, " OSSL_PACKAGE " error %s",
          ossl_strerror(ERR_get_error(), err_buf, sizeof(err_buf)));
    result = CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
    goto out;
  }

  infof(data, "%s certificate:", Curl_ssl_cf_is_proxy(cf) ?
        "Proxy" : "Server");

  result = x509_name_oneline(X509_get_subject_name(server_cert), &dname);
  infof(data, "  subject: %s", result ? "[NONE]" : curlx_dyn_ptr(&dname));

  ASN1_TIME_print(mem, X509_get0_notBefore(server_cert));
  len = BIO_get_mem_data(mem, (char **)&buf);
  infof(data, "  start date: %.*s", (int)len, buf);
  (void)BIO_reset(mem);

  ASN1_TIME_print(mem, X509_get0_notAfter(server_cert));
  len = BIO_get_mem_data(mem, (char **)&buf);
  infof(data, "  expire date: %.*s", (int)len, buf);
  (void)BIO_reset(mem);

  result = x509_name_oneline(X509_get_issuer_name(server_cert), &dname);
  if(result) /* should be only fatal stuff like OOM */
    goto out;
  infof(data, "  issuer: %s", curlx_dyn_ptr(&dname));

out:
  BIO_free(mem);
  curlx_dyn_free(&dname);
  return result;
}
#endif /* !CURL_DISABLE_VERBOSE_STRINGS */

#ifdef USE_APPLE_SECTRUST
struct ossl_certs_ctx {
  STACK_OF(X509) *sk;
  size_t num_certs;
};

static CURLcode ossl_chain_get_der(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                   struct Curl_easy *data,
                                   void *user_data,
                                   size_t i,
                                   unsigned char **pder,
                                   size_t *pder_len)
{
  struct ossl_certs_ctx *chain = user_data;
  X509 *cert;
  int der_len;

  (void)cf;
  (void)data;
  *pder_len = 0;
  *pder = NULL;

  if(i >= chain->num_certs)
    return CURLE_TOO_LARGE;
  cert = sk_X509_value(chain->sk, (int)i);
  if(!cert)
    return CURLE_FAILED_INIT;
  der_len = i2d_X509(cert, pder);
  if(der_len < 0)
    return CURLE_FAILED_INIT;
  *pder_len = (size_t)der_len;
  return CURLE_OK;
}

static CURLcode ossl_apple_verify(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                  struct Curl_easy *data,
                                  struct ossl_ctx *octx,
                                  struct ssl_peer *peer,
                                  bool *pverified)
{
  struct ssl_primary_config *conn_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_primary_config(cf);
  struct ossl_certs_ctx chain;
  CURLcode result;

  memset(&chain, 0, sizeof(chain));
  chain.sk = SSL_get_peer_cert_chain(octx->ssl);
  chain.num_certs = chain.sk ? sk_X509_num(chain.sk) : 0;

  if(!chain.num_certs &&
     (conn_config->verifypeer || conn_config->verifyhost)) {
    failf(data, "SSL: could not get peer certificate");
    result = CURLE_PEER_FAILED_VERIFICATION;
  }
  else {
#ifdef HAVE_BORINGSSL_LIKE
    const uint8_t *ocsp_data = NULL;
#else
    unsigned char *ocsp_data = NULL;
#endif
    long ocsp_len = 0;
    if(conn_config->verifystatus && !octx->reused_session)
      ocsp_len = (long)SSL_get_tlsext_status_ocsp_resp(octx->ssl, &ocsp_data);

    /* SSL_get_tlsext_status_ocsp_resp() returns the length of the OCSP
       response data or -1 if there is no OCSP response data. */
    if(ocsp_len < 0)
      ocsp_len = 0; /* no data available */
    result = Curl_vtls_apple_verify(cf, data, peer, chain.num_certs,
                                    ossl_chain_get_der, &chain,
                                    ocsp_data, ocsp_len);
  }
  *pverified = !result;
  return result;
}
#endif /* USE_APPLE_SECTRUST */

CURLcode Curl_ossl_check_peer_cert(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                   struct Curl_easy *data,
                                   struct ossl_ctx *octx,
                                   struct ssl_peer *peer)
{
  struct connectdata *conn = cf->conn;
  struct ssl_config_data *ssl_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_config(cf, data);
  struct ssl_primary_config *conn_config = Curl_ssl_cf_get_primary_config(cf);
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  long ossl_verify;
  X509 *server_cert;
  bool verified = FALSE;
#ifdef USE_APPLE_SECTRUST
  bool sectrust_verified = FALSE;
#endif

  if(data->set.ssl.certinfo && !octx->reused_session) {
    /* asked to gather certificate info. Reused sessions do not have cert
       chains */
    result = ossl_certchain(data, octx->ssl);
    if(result)
      return result;
  }

  server_cert = SSL_get1_peer_certificate(octx->ssl);
  if(!server_cert) {
    /* no verification at all, this maybe acceptable */
    if(!(conn_config->verifypeer || conn_config->verifyhost))
      goto out;

    failf(data, "SSL: could not get peer certificate");
    result = CURLE_PEER_FAILED_VERIFICATION;
    goto out;
  }

#ifndef CURL_DISABLE_VERBOSE_STRINGS
  result = ossl_infof_cert(cf, data, server_cert);
  if(result)
    goto out;
  infof_certstack(data, octx->ssl);
#endif

  if(conn_config->verifyhost) {
    result = ossl_verifyhost(data, conn, peer, server_cert);
    if(result)
      goto out;
  }
  /* `verifyhost` is either OK or not requested from here on */

  ossl_verify = SSL_get_verify_result(octx->ssl);
  ssl_config->certverifyresult = ossl_verify;

  verified = (ossl_verify == X509_V_OK);
  if(verified)
    infof(data, "SSL certificate verified via OpenSSL.");

#ifdef USE_APPLE_SECTRUST
  if(!verified && conn_config->verifypeer && ssl_config->native_ca_store) {
    /* we verify using Apple SecTrust *unless* OpenSSL already verified.
     * This may happen if the application intercepted the OpenSSL callback
     * and installed its own. */
    result = ossl_apple_verify(cf, data, octx, peer, &verified);
    if(result && (result != CURLE_PEER_FAILED_VERIFICATION))
      goto out; /* unexpected error */
    if(verified) {
      infof(data, "SSL certificate verified via Apple SecTrust.");
      ssl_config->certverifyresult = X509_V_OK;
      sectrust_verified = TRUE;
    }
  }
#endif

  if(!verified) {
    /* no trust established, report the OpenSSL status */
    if(conn_config->verifypeer) {
      failf(data, "SSL certificate OpenSSL verify result: %s (%ld)",
            X509_verify_cert_error_string(ossl_verify), ossl_verify);
      result = CURLE_PEER_FAILED_VERIFICATION;
      goto out;
    }
    infof(data, " SSL certificate verification failed, continuing anyway!");
  }

#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_TLSEXT) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_OCSP)
  if(conn_config->verifystatus &&
#ifdef USE_APPLE_SECTRUST
     !sectrust_verified && /* already verified via apple sectrust, cannot
                            * verifystate via OpenSSL in that case as it
                            * does not have the trust anchors */
#endif
     !octx->reused_session) {
    /* do not do this after Session ID reuse */
    result = verifystatus(cf, data, octx);
    if(result)
      goto out;
  }
#endif

  result = ossl_check_issuer(cf, data, server_cert);
  if(result)
    goto out;

  result = ossl_check_pinned_key(cf, data, server_cert);

out:
  X509_free(server_cert);
  return result;
}

static CURLcode ossl_connect_step3(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                   struct Curl_easy *data)
{
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;
  struct ossl_ctx *octx = (struct ossl_ctx *)connssl->backend;

  DEBUGASSERT(ssl_connect_3 == connssl->connecting_state);

  /*
   * We check certificates to authenticate the server; otherwise we risk
   * man-in-the-middle attack; NEVERTHELESS, if we are told explicitly not to
   * verify the peer, ignore faults and failures from the server cert
   * operations.
   */

  result = Curl_ossl_check_peer_cert(cf, data, octx, &connssl->peer);
  if(result)
    /* on error, remove sessions we might have in the pool */
    Curl_ssl_scache_remove_all(cf, data, connssl->peer.scache_key);

  return result;
}

#ifdef HAVE_OPENSSL_EARLYDATA
static CURLcode ossl_send_earlydata(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                                    struct Curl_easy *data)
{
  struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;
  struct ossl_ctx *octx = (struct ossl_ctx *)connssl->backend;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  const unsigned char *buf;
  size_t blen, nwritten;
  int rc;

  DEBUGASSERT(connssl->earlydata_state == ssl_earlydata_sending);
  octx->io_result = CURLE_OK;
  while(Curl_bufq_peek(&connssl->earlydata, &buf, &blen)) {
    nwritten = 0;
    rc = SSL_write_early_data(octx->ssl, buf, blen, &nwritten);
    CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "SSL_write_early_data(len=%zu) -> %d, %zu",
                blen, rc, nwritten);
    if(rc <= 0) {
      long sslerror;
      char error_buffer[256];
      int err = SSL_get_error(octx->ssl, rc);

      switch(err) {
      case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
        connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_RECV;
        result = CURLE_AGAIN;
        goto out;
      case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
        connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_SEND;
        result = CURLE_AGAIN;
        goto out;
      case SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL: {
        int sockerr = SOCKERRNO;

        if(octx->io_result == CURLE_AGAIN) {
          result = CURLE_AGAIN;
          goto out;
        }
        sslerror = ERR_get_error();
        if(sslerror)
          ossl_strerror(sslerror, error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer));
        else if(sockerr)
          curlx_strerror(sockerr, error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer));
        else
          curl_msnprintf(error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer), "%s",
                         SSL_ERROR_to_str(err));

        failf(data, OSSL_PACKAGE " SSL_write:early_data: %s, errno %d",
              error_buffer, sockerr);
        result = CURLE_SEND_ERROR;
        goto out;
      }
      case SSL_ERROR_SSL: {
        /*  A failure in the SSL library occurred, usually a protocol error.
            The OpenSSL error queue contains more information on the error. */
        sslerror = ERR_get_error();
        failf(data, "SSL_write_early_data() error: %s",
              ossl_strerror(sslerror, error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer)));
        result = CURLE_SEND_ERROR;
        goto out;
      }
      default:
        /* a true error */
        failf(data, OSSL_PACKAGE " SSL_write_early_data: %s, errno %d",
              SSL_ERROR_to_str(err), SOCKERRNO);
        result = CURLE_SEND_ERROR;
        goto out;
      }
    }
    Curl_bufq_skip(&connssl->earlydata, nwritten);
  }
  /* sent everything there was */
  infof(data, "SSL sending %zu bytes of early data", connssl->earlydata_skip);
out:
  return result;
}
#endif /* HAVE_OPENSSL_EARLYDATA */

static CURLcode ossl_connect(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                             struct Curl_easy *data,
                             bool *done)
{
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;

  /* check if the connection has already been established */
  if(ssl_connection_complete == connssl->state) {
    *done = TRUE;
    return CURLE_OK;
  }

  *done = FALSE;
  connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_NONE;

  if(ssl_connect_1 == connssl->connecting_state) {
    CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "ossl_connect, step1");
    result = ossl_connect_step1(cf, data);
    if(result)
      goto out;
  }

  if(ssl_connect_2 == connssl->connecting_state) {
    CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "ossl_connect, step2");
#ifdef HAVE_OPENSSL_EARLYDATA
    if(connssl->earlydata_state == ssl_earlydata_await) {
      goto out;
    }
    else if(connssl->earlydata_state == ssl_earlydata_sending) {
      result = ossl_send_earlydata(cf, data);
      if(result)
        goto out;
      connssl->earlydata_state = ssl_earlydata_sent;
    }
#endif
    DEBUGASSERT((connssl->earlydata_state == ssl_earlydata_none) ||
                (connssl->earlydata_state == ssl_earlydata_sent));

    result = ossl_connect_step2(cf, data);
    if(result)
      goto out;
  }

  if(ssl_connect_3 == connssl->connecting_state) {
    CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "ossl_connect, step3");
    result = ossl_connect_step3(cf, data);
    if(result)
      goto out;
    connssl->connecting_state = ssl_connect_done;
#ifdef HAVE_OPENSSL_EARLYDATA
    if(connssl->earlydata_state > ssl_earlydata_none) {
      struct ossl_ctx *octx = (struct ossl_ctx *)connssl->backend;
      /* We should be in this state by now */
      DEBUGASSERT(connssl->earlydata_state == ssl_earlydata_sent);
      connssl->earlydata_state =
        (SSL_get_early_data_status(octx->ssl) == SSL_EARLY_DATA_ACCEPTED) ?
        ssl_earlydata_accepted : ssl_earlydata_rejected;
    }
#endif
  }

  if(ssl_connect_done == connssl->connecting_state) {
    CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "ossl_connect, done");
    connssl->state = ssl_connection_complete;
  }

out:
  if(result == CURLE_AGAIN) {
    *done = FALSE;
    return CURLE_OK;
  }
  *done = ((connssl->state == ssl_connection_complete) ||
           (connssl->state == ssl_connection_deferred));
  return result;
}

static bool ossl_data_pending(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                              const struct Curl_easy *data)
{
  struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;
  (void)data;
  return connssl->input_pending;
}

static CURLcode ossl_send(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                          struct Curl_easy *data,
                          const void *mem,
                          size_t len,
                          size_t *pnwritten)
{
  /* SSL_write() is said to return 'int' while write() and send() returns
     'size_t' */
  int err;
  char error_buffer[256];
  sslerr_t sslerror;
  int memlen;
  struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;
  struct ossl_ctx *octx = (struct ossl_ctx *)connssl->backend;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  int nwritten;

  (void)data;
  DEBUGASSERT(octx);
  *pnwritten = 0;
  ERR_clear_error();

  connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_NONE;
  memlen = (len > (size_t)INT_MAX) ? INT_MAX : (int)len;
  if(octx->blocked_ssl_write_len && (octx->blocked_ssl_write_len != memlen)) {
    /* The previous SSL_write() call was blocked, using that length.
     * We need to use that again or OpenSSL will freak out. A shorter
     * length should not happen and is a bug in libcurl. */
    if(octx->blocked_ssl_write_len > memlen) {
      DEBUGASSERT(0);
      return CURLE_BAD_FUNCTION_ARGUMENT;
    }
    memlen = octx->blocked_ssl_write_len;
  }
  octx->blocked_ssl_write_len = 0;
  nwritten = SSL_write(octx->ssl, mem, memlen);

  if(nwritten > 0)
    *pnwritten = (size_t)nwritten;
  else {
    err = SSL_get_error(octx->ssl, nwritten);

    switch(err) {
    case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
      connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_RECV;
      octx->blocked_ssl_write_len = memlen;
      result = CURLE_AGAIN;
      goto out;
    case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
      result = CURLE_AGAIN;
      octx->blocked_ssl_write_len = memlen;
      goto out;
    case SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL: {
      int sockerr = SOCKERRNO;

      if(octx->io_result == CURLE_AGAIN) {
        octx->blocked_ssl_write_len = memlen;
        result = CURLE_AGAIN;
        goto out;
      }
      sslerror = ERR_get_error();
      if(sslerror)
        ossl_strerror(sslerror, error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer));
      else if(sockerr)
        curlx_strerror(sockerr, error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer));
      else
        curl_msnprintf(error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer), "%s",
                       SSL_ERROR_to_str(err));

      failf(data, OSSL_PACKAGE " SSL_write: %s, errno %d",
            error_buffer, sockerr);
      result = CURLE_SEND_ERROR;
      goto out;
    }
    case SSL_ERROR_SSL: {
      /*  A failure in the SSL library occurred, usually a protocol error.
          The OpenSSL error queue contains more information on the error. */
      sslerror = ERR_get_error();
      failf(data, "SSL_write() error: %s",
            ossl_strerror(sslerror, error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer)));
      result = CURLE_SEND_ERROR;
      goto out;
    }
    default:
      /* a true error */
      failf(data, OSSL_PACKAGE " SSL_write: %s, errno %d",
            SSL_ERROR_to_str(err), SOCKERRNO);
      result = CURLE_SEND_ERROR;
      goto out;
    }
  }

out:
  return result;
}

static CURLcode ossl_recv(struct Curl_cfilter *cf,
                          struct Curl_easy *data,   /* transfer */
                          char *buf,                /* store read data here */
                          size_t buffersize,        /* max amount to read */
                          size_t *pnread)
{
  char error_buffer[256];
  unsigned long sslerror;
  int buffsize;
  struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;
  struct ossl_ctx *octx = (struct ossl_ctx *)connssl->backend;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;
  int nread;

  (void)data;
  DEBUGASSERT(octx);

  *pnread = 0;
  ERR_clear_error();

  connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_NONE;
  buffsize = (buffersize > (size_t)INT_MAX) ? INT_MAX : (int)buffersize;
  nread = SSL_read(octx->ssl, buf, buffsize);

  if(nread > 0)
    *pnread = (size_t)nread;
  else {
    /* failed SSL_read */
    int err = SSL_get_error(octx->ssl, (int)nread);

    switch(err) {
    case SSL_ERROR_NONE: /* this is not an error */
      break;
    case SSL_ERROR_ZERO_RETURN: /* no more data */
      /* close_notify alert */
      if(cf->sockindex == FIRSTSOCKET)
        /* mark the connection for close if it is indeed the control
           connection */
        CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "TLS close_notify");
      break;
    case SSL_ERROR_WANT_READ:
      connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_RECV;
      result = CURLE_AGAIN;
      goto out;
    case SSL_ERROR_WANT_WRITE:
      connssl->io_need = CURL_SSL_IO_NEED_SEND;
      result = CURLE_AGAIN;
      goto out;
    default:
      /* openssl/ssl.h for SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL says "look at error stack/return
         value/errno" */
      /* https://docs.openssl.org/master/man3/ERR_get_error/ */
      if(octx->io_result == CURLE_AGAIN) {
        result = CURLE_AGAIN;
        goto out;
      }
      sslerror = ERR_get_error();
      if((nread < 0) || sslerror) {
        /* If the return code was negative or there actually is an error in the
           queue */
        int sockerr = SOCKERRNO;
        if(sslerror)
          ossl_strerror(sslerror, error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer));
        else if(sockerr && err == SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL)
          curlx_strerror(sockerr, error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer));
        else
          curl_msnprintf(error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer), "%s",
                         SSL_ERROR_to_str(err));
        failf(data, OSSL_PACKAGE " SSL_read: %s, errno %d",
              error_buffer, sockerr);
        result = CURLE_RECV_ERROR;
        goto out;
      }
      else if(err == SSL_ERROR_SYSCALL) {
        if(octx->io_result) {
          /* logging handling in underlying filter already */
          result = octx->io_result;
        }
        else if(connssl->peer_closed) {
          failf(data, "Connection closed abruptly");
          result = CURLE_RECV_ERROR;
        }
        else {
          /* We should no longer get here nowadays. But handle
           * the error in case of some weirdness in the OSSL stack */
          int sockerr = SOCKERRNO;
          if(sockerr)
            curlx_strerror(sockerr, error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer));
          else {
            curl_msnprintf(error_buffer, sizeof(error_buffer),
                           "Connection closed abruptly");
          }
          failf(data, OSSL_PACKAGE " SSL_read: %s, errno %d",
                error_buffer, sockerr);
          result = CURLE_RECV_ERROR;
        }
        goto out;
      }
    }
  }

out:
  if((!result && !*pnread) || (result == CURLE_AGAIN)) {
    /* This happens when:
     * - we read an EOF
     * - OpenSSLs buffers are empty, there is no more data
     * - OpenSSL read is blocked on writing something first
     * - an incomplete TLS packet is buffered that cannot be read
     *   until more data arrives */
    connssl->input_pending = FALSE;
  }
  CURL_TRC_CF(data, cf, "ossl_recv(len=%zu) -> %d, %zu (in_pending=%d)",
              buffersize, result, *pnread, connssl->input_pending);
  return result;
}

static CURLcode ossl_get_channel_binding(struct Curl_easy *data, int sockindex,
                                         struct dynbuf *binding)
{
  X509 *cert;
  int algo_nid;
  const EVP_MD *algo_type;
  const char *algo_name;
  unsigned int length;
  unsigned char buf[EVP_MAX_MD_SIZE];

  const char prefix[] = "tls-server-end-point:";
  struct connectdata *conn = data->conn;
  struct Curl_cfilter *cf = conn->cfilter[sockindex];
  struct ossl_ctx *octx = NULL;
  CURLcode result = CURLE_OK;

  do {
    const struct Curl_cftype *cft = cf->cft;
    struct ssl_connect_data *connssl = cf->ctx;

    if(cft->name && !strcmp(cft->name, "SSL")) {
      octx = (struct ossl_ctx *)connssl->backend;
      break;
    }

    cf = cf->next;
  } while(cf);

  if(!octx) {
    failf(data, "Failed to find the SSL filter");
    return CURLE_BAD_FUNCTION_ARGUMENT;
  }

  cert = SSL_get1_peer_certificate(octx->ssl);
  if(!cert)
    /* No server certificate, do not do channel binding */
    return CURLE_OK;

  if(!OBJ_find_sigid_algs(X509_get_signature_nid(cert), &algo_nid, NULL)) {
    failf(data,
          "Unable to find digest NID for certificate signature algorithm");
    result = CURLE_SSL_INVALIDCERTSTATUS;
    goto error;
  }

  /* https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc5929#section-4.1 */
  if(algo_nid == NID_md5 || algo_nid == NID_sha1) {
    algo_type = EVP_sha256();
  }
  else {
    algo_type = EVP_get_digestbynid(algo_nid);
    if(!algo_type) {
      algo_name = OBJ_nid2sn(algo_nid);
      failf(data, "Could not find digest algorithm %s (NID %d)",
            algo_name ? algo_name : "(null)", algo_nid);
      result = CURLE_SSL_INVALIDCERTSTATUS;
      goto error;
    }
  }

  if(!X509_digest(cert, algo_type, buf, &length)) {
    failf(data, "X509_digest() failed");
    result = CURLE_SSL_INVALIDCERTSTATUS;
    goto error;
  }

  /* Append "tls-server-end-point:" */
  result = curlx_dyn_addn(binding, prefix, sizeof(prefix) - 1);
  if(result)
    goto error;

  /* Append digest */
  result = curlx_dyn_addn(binding, buf, length);

error:
  X509_free(cert);
  return result;
}

size_t Curl_ossl_version(char *buffer, size_t size)
{
#ifdef LIBRESSL_VERSION_NUMBER
  char *p;
  size_t count;
  const char *ver = OpenSSL_version(OPENSSL_VERSION);
  const char expected[] = OSSL_PACKAGE " "; /* ie "LibreSSL " */
  if(curl_strnequal(ver, expected, sizeof(expected) - 1)) {
    ver += sizeof(expected) - 1;
  }
  count = curl_msnprintf(buffer, size, "%s/%s", OSSL_PACKAGE, ver);
  for(p = buffer; *p; ++p) {
    if(ISBLANK(*p))
      *p = '_';
  }
  return count;
#elif defined(OPENSSL_IS_BORINGSSL)
#ifdef CURL_BORINGSSL_VERSION
  return curl_msnprintf(buffer, size, "%s/%s",
                        OSSL_PACKAGE, CURL_BORINGSSL_VERSION);
#else
  return curl_msnprintf(buffer, size, OSSL_PACKAGE);
#endif
#elif defined(OPENSSL_IS_AWSLC)
  return curl_msnprintf(buffer, size, "%s/%s",
                        OSSL_PACKAGE, AWSLC_VERSION_NUMBER_STRING);
#else /* OpenSSL 3+ */
  return curl_msnprintf(buffer, size, "%s/%s",
                        OSSL_PACKAGE, OpenSSL_version(OPENSSL_VERSION_STRING));
#endif
}

/* can be called with data == NULL */
static CURLcode ossl_random(struct Curl_easy *data,
                            unsigned char *entropy, size_t length)
{
  int rc;
  if(data) {
    if(ossl_seed(data)) /* Initiate the seed if not already done */
      return CURLE_FAILED_INIT; /* could not seed for some reason */
  }
  else {
    if(!rand_enough())
      return CURLE_FAILED_INIT;
  }
  /* RAND_bytes() returns 1 on success, 0 otherwise.  */
  rc = RAND_bytes(entropy, (ossl_valsize_t)curlx_uztosi(length));
  return rc == 1 ? CURLE_OK : CURLE_FAILED_INIT;
}

#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_SHA256
static CURLcode ossl_sha256sum(const unsigned char *tmp, /* input */
                               size_t tmplen,
                               unsigned char *sha256sum /* output */,
                               size_t unused)
{
  EVP_MD_CTX *mdctx;
  unsigned int len = 0;
  (void)unused;

  mdctx = EVP_MD_CTX_create();
  if(!mdctx)
    return CURLE_OUT_OF_MEMORY;
  if(!EVP_DigestInit(mdctx, EVP_sha256())) {
    EVP_MD_CTX_destroy(mdctx);
    return CURLE_FAILED_INIT;
  }
  EVP_DigestUpdate(mdctx, tmp, tmplen);
  EVP_DigestFinal_ex(mdctx, sha256sum, &len);
  EVP_MD_CTX_destroy(mdctx);
  return CURLE_OK;
}
#endif

static bool ossl_cert_status_request(void)
{
#if !defined(OPENSSL_NO_TLSEXT) && !defined(OPENSSL_NO_OCSP)
  return TRUE;
#else
  return FALSE;
#endif
}

static void *ossl_get_internals(struct ssl_connect_data *connssl,
                                CURLINFO info)
{
  /* Legacy: CURLINFO_TLS_SESSION must return an SSL_CTX pointer. */
  struct ossl_ctx *octx = (struct ossl_ctx *)connssl->backend;
  DEBUGASSERT(octx);
  return info == CURLINFO_TLS_SESSION ?
    (void *)octx->ssl_ctx : (void *)octx->ssl;
}

const struct Curl_ssl Curl_ssl_openssl = {
  { CURLSSLBACKEND_OPENSSL, "openssl" }, /* info */

  SSLSUPP_CA_PATH |
  SSLSUPP_CAINFO_BLOB |
  SSLSUPP_CERTINFO |
  SSLSUPP_PINNEDPUBKEY |
  SSLSUPP_SSL_CTX |
#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET_CIPHERSUITES
  SSLSUPP_TLS13_CIPHERSUITES |
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SSL_CTX_SET1_SIGALGS
  SSLSUPP_SIGNATURE_ALGORITHMS |
#endif
#ifdef HAVE_SSL_SET1_ECH_CONFIG_LIST
  SSLSUPP_ECH |
#endif
  SSLSUPP_CA_CACHE |
  SSLSUPP_HTTPS_PROXY |
  SSLSUPP_CIPHER_LIST,

  sizeof(struct ossl_ctx),

  ossl_init,                /* init */
  ossl_cleanup,             /* cleanup */
  Curl_ossl_version,        /* version */
  ossl_shutdown,            /* shutdown */
  ossl_data_pending,        /* data_pending */
  ossl_random,              /* random */
  ossl_cert_status_request, /* cert_status_request */
  ossl_connect,             /* connect */
  Curl_ssl_adjust_pollset,  /* adjust_pollset */
  ossl_get_internals,       /* get_internals */
  ossl_close,               /* close_one */
  ossl_close_all,           /* close_all */
  ossl_set_engine,          /* set_engine or provider */
  ossl_set_engine_default,  /* set_engine_default */
  ossl_engines_list,        /* engines_list */
#ifndef OPENSSL_NO_SHA256
  ossl_sha256sum,           /* sha256sum */
#else
  NULL,                     /* sha256sum */
#endif
  ossl_recv,                /* recv decrypted data */
  ossl_send,                /* send data to encrypt */
  ossl_get_channel_binding  /* get_channel_binding */
};

#endif /* USE_OPENSSL */
